Hacia una definición hegeliana del arte

La reflexión filosófica de Hegel sobre el arte constituye una de sus contribuciones más bellas al idealismo alemán. Hegel poseía un gran conocimiento de la historia del arte occidental. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el tratamiento hegeliano de la naturaleza del arte, con el ánimo de identificar las principales categorías que emplea, y cómo sus consideraciones quedan integradas en su sistema general de pensamiento.Hegel’s philosophical reflection on Art is one of his most beautiful contributions to German idealism. Hegel had an outstanding knowledge of the history of Western Art. The aim of this paper is to analyze the Hegelian treatment of the nature of Art, trying to identify the main categories he uses and how his considerations are integrated within his general system of thought

Diagnóstico clínico de monogeneos en alevinos de piscicultura intensiva en Arauca

  Within the biological diseases in fish farming, there are those caused by parasites mainly by the monogeneous class causing great economic losses in aquaculture. The objective of this document is to report the clinical diagnosis of monogeneous parasites in fishes farmed under intensive systems, implementing biofloc technology (BFT) in two municipalities of the department of Arauca. The first case occurred in the Fish farming association of El Vergel, municipality of Arauquita, in red tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis spp.). In the municipality of Arauca, at the Picure experimental farm (PEF), the second parasitic infestation occurs in yamu fingerlings (Brycon siebenthalae). In both cases, the parameters of physical and chemical quality of water were evaluated with equipment and methodologies established, the macro and microscopic evaluation of the fishes were carried out in the laboratory of freshwater species of the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia based in Arauca. The parameters of water quality were found in the ideal ranges for fish production, the only value below the recommended was the settleable solids. The macroscopic lesions found were exophthalmos, ascites, hemorrhages, fins and eroded skin; in the microscopic evaluation were evident objects between gill lamellae that do not correspond to normal anatomical structures which agrees with parasitic microorganisms and by morphological characteristics it was possible to establish the presence of monogeneous in the studied fingerlings. Treatment with white salt at doses of 3 g/l of water and changes of water pre-treated with formaldehyde at a rate of 10 ml/l of water was established but this did not work which caused the death of 95% of the total population of red tilapia and the 100% of the yamu fingerlings. The disinfection of water and fingerlings before sowing is the most recommended to avoid Ichthyopathological problems.  Dentro de las enfermedades biológicas en la piscicultura, se encuentran las causadas por parásitos, principalmente por la clase monogenea, que provocan perdidas en la tasa de crecimiento y altas mortalidades, representando grandes pérdidas económicas en la acuicultura. Se reportó el diagnóstico clínico de parásitos monogeneos en peces producidos bajo sistemas intensivos, implementando tecnología biofloc (BFT) en dos municipios del Departamento de Arauca. El primer caso se dio en la Asociación Piscícola el Vergel, municipio de Arauquita, en alevinos de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.). En el municipio de Arauca, en la Granja Experimental Picure (GEP), se presentó la segunda infestación parasitaria en alevinos de yamú (Brycon siebenthalae). En los dos casos, los parámetros de calidad físico-químicas de agua fueron evaluados con equipos y metodologías establecidas, la evaluación macro y microscópica de los peces fueron realizadas en el laboratorio de especies dulce acuícolas de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia sede Arauca. Los parámetros de calidad de agua se encontraron en los rangos ideales para la producción de peces, el único valor por debajo de lo recomendado fueron los sólidos decantables. Las lesiones macroscópicas encontradas fueron exoftalmia, ascitis, hemorragias, aletas y piel erosionada, en la evaluación microscópica, se observaron microorganismos parasitarios y por características morfológicas se logró establecer la presencia de monogeneos. Se instauro tratamiento con sal blanca en dosis de 3 g/l de agua, se realizaron cambios del 50 % del volumen total con agua desinfectada tres días antes usando formol a razón de 10 ml/l de agua. La mortalidad fue del 95 % de la población total de tilapia roja y el 100% de los alevinos de yamú. La desinfección del agua y alevinos antes de la siembra es lo más recomendable para evitar problemas ictiopatológico

Diagnóstico clínico de monogeneos en alevinos de piscicultura intensiva en Arauca

  Within the biological diseases in fish farming, there are those caused by parasites mainly by the monogeneous class causing great economic losses in aquaculture. The objective of this document is to report the clinical diagnosis of monogeneous parasites in fishes farmed under intensive systems, implementing biofloc technology (BFT) in two municipalities of the department of Arauca. The first case occurred in the Fish farming association of El Vergel, municipality of Arauquita, in red tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis spp.). In the municipality of Arauca, at the Picure experimental farm (PEF), the second parasitic infestation occurs in yamu fingerlings (Brycon siebenthalae). In both cases, the parameters of physical and chemical quality of water were evaluated with equipment and methodologies established, the macro and microscopic evaluation of the fishes were carried out in the laboratory of freshwater species of the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia based in Arauca. The parameters of water quality were found in the ideal ranges for fish production, the only value below the recommended was the settleable solids. The macroscopic lesions found were exophthalmos, ascites, hemorrhages, fins and eroded skin; in the microscopic evaluation were evident objects between gill lamellae that do not correspond to normal anatomical structures which agrees with parasitic microorganisms and by morphological characteristics it was possible to establish the presence of monogeneous in the studied fingerlings. Treatment with white salt at doses of 3 g/l of water and changes of water pre-treated with formaldehyde at a rate of 10 ml/l of water was established but this did not work which caused the death of 95% of the total population of red tilapia and the 100% of the yamu fingerlings. The disinfection of water and fingerlings before sowing is the most recommended to avoid Ichthyopathological problems.  Dentro de las enfermedades biológicas en la piscicultura, se encuentran las causadas por parásitos, principalmente por la clase monogenea, que provocan perdidas en la tasa de crecimiento y altas mortalidades, representando grandes pérdidas económicas en la acuicultura. Se reportó el diagnóstico clínico de parásitos monogeneos en peces producidos bajo sistemas intensivos, implementando tecnología biofloc (BFT) en dos municipios del Departamento de Arauca. El primer caso se dio en la Asociación Piscícola el Vergel, municipio de Arauquita, en alevinos de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.). En el municipio de Arauca, en la Granja Experimental Picure (GEP), se presentó la segunda infestación parasitaria en alevinos de yamú (Brycon siebenthalae). En los dos casos, los parámetros de calidad físico-químicas de agua fueron evaluados con equipos y metodologías establecidas, la evaluación macro y microscópica de los peces fueron realizadas en el laboratorio de especies dulce acuícolas de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia sede Arauca. Los parámetros de calidad de agua se encontraron en los rangos ideales para la producción de peces, el único valor por debajo de lo recomendado fueron los sólidos decantables. Las lesiones macroscópicas encontradas fueron exoftalmia, ascitis, hemorragias, aletas y piel erosionada, en la evaluación microscópica, se observaron microorganismos parasitarios y por características morfológicas se logró establecer la presencia de monogeneos. Se instauro tratamiento con sal blanca en dosis de 3 g/l de agua, se realizaron cambios del 50 % del volumen total con agua desinfectada tres días antes usando formol a razón de 10 ml/l de agua. La mortalidad fue del 95 % de la población total de tilapia roja y el 100% de los alevinos de yamú. La desinfección del agua y alevinos antes de la siembra es lo más recomendable para evitar problemas ictiopatológico

HTLV-1 infection in solid organ transplant donors and recipients in Spain

HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite infecting 10-15 million people worldwide and severe illnesses develop in 10% of carriers lifelong. Acknowledging a greater risk for developing HTLV-1 associated illnesses due to immunosuppression, screening is being widely considered in the transplantation setting. Herein, we report the experience with universal HTLV testing of donors and recipients of solid organ transplants in a survey conducted in Spain. All hospitals belonging to the Spanish HTLV network were invited to participate in the study. Briefly, HTLV antibody screening was performed retrospectively in all specimens collected from solid organ donors and recipients attended since the year 2008. A total of 5751 individuals were tested for HTLV antibodies at 8 sites. Donors represented 2312 (42.2%), of whom 17 (0.3%) were living kidney donors. The remaining 3439 (59.8%) were recipients. Spaniards represented nearly 80%. Overall, 9 individuals (0.16%) were initially reactive for HTLV antibodies. Six were donors and 3 were recipients. Using confirmatory tests, HTLV-1 could be confirmed in only two donors, one Spaniard and another from Colombia. Both kidneys of the Spaniard were inadvertently transplanted. Subacute myelopathy developed within 1 year in one recipient. The second recipient seroconverted for HTLV-1 but the kidney had to be removed soon due to rejection. Immunosuppression was stopped and 3 years later the patient remains in dialysis but otherwise asymptomatic. The rate of HTLV-1 is low but not negligible in donors/recipients of solid organ transplants in Spain. Universal HTLV screening should be recommended in all donor and recipients of solid organ transplantation in Spain. Evidence is overwhelming for very high virus transmission and increased risk along with the rapid development of subacute myelopathy

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Diverse Large HIV-1 Non-subtype B Clusters Are Spreading Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Spain

In Western Europe, the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is dominated by subtype B. However, recently, other genetic forms have been reported to circulate in this population, as evidenced by their grouping in clusters predominantly comprising European individuals. Here we describe four large HIV-1 non-subtype B clusters spreading among MSM in Spain. Samples were collected in 9 regions. A pol fragment was amplified from plasma RNA or blood-extracted DNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood, including database sequences of the same genetic forms as the identified clusters. Times and locations of the most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of clusters were estimated with a Bayesian method. Five large non-subtype B clusters associated with MSM were identified. The largest one, of F1 subtype, was reported previously. The other four were of CRF02_AG (CRF02_1; n = 115) and subtypes A1 (A1_1; n = 66), F1 (F1_3; n = 36), and C (C_7; n = 17). Most individuals belonging to them had been diagnosed of HIV-1 infection in the last 10 years. Each cluster comprised viruses from 3 to 8 Spanish regions and also comprised or was related to viruses from other countries: CRF02_1 comprised a Japanese subcluster and viruses from 8 other countries from Western Europe, Asia, and South America; A1_1 comprised viruses from Portugal, United Kingom, and United States, and was related to the A1 strain circulating in Greece, Albania and Cyprus; F1_3 was related to viruses from Romania; and C_7 comprised viruses from Portugal and was related to a virus from Mozambique. A subcluster within CRF02_1 was associated with heterosexual transmission. Near full-length genomes of each cluster were of uniform genetic form. Times of MRCAs of CRF02_1, A1_1, F1_3, and C_7 were estimated around 1986, 1989, 2013, and 1983, respectively. MRCA locations for CRF02_1 and A1_1 were uncertain (however initial expansions in Spain in Madrid and Vigo, respectively, were estimated) and were most probable in Bilbao, Spain, for F1_3 and Portugal for C_7. These results show that the HIV-1 epidemic among MSM in Spain is becoming increasingly diverse through the expansion of diverse non-subtype B clusters, comprising or related to viruses circulating in other countries

Texto literario e historia social de la literatura: algunas cuestiones básicas

Es de suponer que se me ha invitado a hablar en este apartado de la sección «Literatura y sociedad» por ser uno de los autores de un manual titulado, precisamente, Historia social de la literatura española. Mucho me honra la invitación y no podría expresar cuánto ni por qué la agradezco al Gobierno Vasco y a los organizadores de este Congreso. Sin embargo, la verdad es que me extraña un tanto encontrarme en esta sección y en este apartado. Y es que la división de la parte literaria de este II Congreso Mundial Vasco en cinco secciones y más de veinte apartados, tan necesaria como cualquier otra división para mantener un cierto orden clasificatorio, así como, seguramente, para acomodar intereses específicos de los investigadores, me resulta arbitraria, ya que, para mí, lo que hacemos al estudiar literatura es siempre, y sencillamente, crítica literaria. Entiendo, por tanto, que no puede hablarse de esa literatura cuya historia social pretendemos hacer sin preguntarse, por ejemplo, por la relación entre «lengua standard» y «lengua literaria»; sin tomar en cuenta que tanto la literatura como los textos literarios particulares son sistemas semióticos; sin atender al fenómeno de la intertextualidad; sin ocuparse de los problemas de la producción, reproducción y recepción de la ideología; etc. Todo es uno bajo la noción de crítica literaria, y aunque lo que llamamos «Historia social de la literatura» puede como cualquier otra práctica convertirse en una especialidad, no es sino un tipo de trabajo que, con mayor o menor acierto, se lleva a cabo desde la crítica literaria, cuyo objeto de estudio, aunque en cierto modo nuevo (puesto que antes de finales del siglo XVIII no se hablaba de «literatura» en el sentido en que lo hacemos hoy), se encuentra, en lo esencial, básicamente establecido para Occidente desde, por lo menos, Platón y Aristóteles

La desbandada

Blanco Aguinaga Carlos. La desbandada. In: Exils et migrations ibériques au XXe siècle, n°4, 2012. Últimos ecos del exilio : Cuentos y relatos hispanomexicanos / Derniers échos de l’exil : Contes et récits hispanomexicains, sous la direction de Rose Duroux et Bernard Sicot. pp. 23-27

El profesor de latín

Blanco Aguinaga Carlos. El profesor de latín. In: Exils et migrations ibériques au XXe siècle, n°4, 2012. Últimos ecos del exilio : Cuentos y relatos hispanomexicanos / Derniers échos de l’exil : Contes et récits hispanomexicains, sous la direction de Rose Duroux et Bernard Sicot. pp. 28-31