261 research outputs found

    Costimulation blockade with Belatacept in renal transplantation

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    Background: Renal transplantation is the standard of care for patients with end-stage renal disease. Although maintenance immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors yields excellent one-year survival, it is associated over the long term with high rates of death and graft loss, owing in part to the adverse renal, cardiovascular, and metabolic effects of these agents. The use of potentially less toxic agents, such as belatacept, a selective blocker of T-cell activation, may improve outcomes. Methods: We randomly assigned renal-transplant recipients to receive an intensive or a less-intensive regimen of belatacept or cyclosporine. All patients received induction therapy with basiliximab, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids. The primary objective was to demonstrate the noninferiority of belatacept over cyclosporine in the incidence of acute rejection at six months (with an upper bound of the 95 percent confidence interval around the treatment difference of less than 20 percent). Results: At six months, the incidence of acute rejection was similar among the groups: 7 percent for intensive belatacept, 6 percent for less-intensive belatacept, and 8 percent for cyclosporine. At 12 months, the glomerular filtration rate was significantly higher with both intensive and less-intensive belatacept than it was with cyclosporine (66.3, 62.1, and 53.5 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, respectively), and chronic allograft nephropathy was less common with both regimens of belatacept than with cyclosporine (29 percent, 20 percent, and 44 percent, respectively). Lipid levels and blood-pressure values were similar or slightly lower in the belatacept groups, despite the greater use of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications in the cyclosporine group. Conclusions: Belatacept, an investigational selective costimulation blocker, did not appear to be inferior to cyclosporine as a means of preventing acute rejection after renal transplantation. Belatacept may preserve the glomerular filtration rate and reduce the rate of chronic allograft nephropathy

    An Attempt of Early Detection of Poor Outcome after Whiplash

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    The main concern with whiplash is that a large proportion of whiplash patients experience disabling symptoms or whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) for months if not years following the accident. Therefore, identifying early prognostic factors of WAD development is important as WAD have widespread clinical and economic consequences. In order to tackle that question, our study was specifically aimed at combining several methods of investigation in the same WAD patients at the acute stage and 6 months later. Our longitudinal, open, prospective, multi-center study included 38 whiplash patients, and 13 healthy volunteers matched for age, gender, and socio-economic status with the whiplash group. Whiplash patients were evaluated 15–21 days after road accident, and 6 months later. At each appointment, patients underwent a neuropsychological evaluation, a full clinical neurological examination, neurophysiological and postural tests, oto-neurological tests, cervical spine cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with tractography (DTI). At 6 months, whiplash patients were categorized into two subgroups based on the results of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as having either favorable or unfavorable progression [an unfavorable classification corresponding to the presence of post-concussion symptom (PCS)] and we searched retrospectively for early prognostic factors of WAD predicting the passage to chronicity. We found that patients displaying high level of catastrophizing at the acute stage and/or post-traumatic stress disorder associated with either abnormalities in head or trunk kinematics, abnormal test of the otolithic function and at the Equitest or a combination of these syndromes, turned to chronicity. This study suggests that low-grade whiplash patients should be submitted as early as possible after the trauma to neuropsychological and motor control tests in a specialized consultation. In addition, they should be evaluated by a neuro-otologist for a detailed examination of vestibular functions, which should include cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Then, if diagnosed at risk of WAD, these patients should be subjected to an intensive preventive rehabilitation program, including vestibular rehabilitation if required.This study was funded by the French Fondation Sécurité Routièr

    Renal Transplant Immunosuppression Impairs Natural Killer Cell Function In Vitro and In Vivo

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    Background: Despite an increasing awareness of the importance of innate immunity, the roles of natural killer (NK) cells in transplant rejection and antiviral and cancer immunity during immunosuppression have not been clearly defined. Methods: To address this issue we have developed a quantitative assay of NK cell function that can be used on clinical samples and have studied the influence of immunosuppression on NK cell function. NK cell degranulation and intracellular interferon (IFN)-c production were determined by flow cytometry of peripheral blood samples. Results: Overnight ex vivo treatment of peripheral blood cells from healthy controls with ciclosporin or tacrolimus inhibited NK cell degranulation and IFN-c production in a dose-dependent manner. A similar impairment of function was seen in NK cells from patients treated in vivo with calcineurin inhibitors. In the early post-transplant period, there was a variable reduction of NK cell counts after treatment with alemtuzumab and basiliximab. Conclusions: The functional inhibition of NK cells in early transplant patients coincides with the period of maximum susceptibility to viral infections. The ability to assay NK cell function in clinical samples allows assessment of the impact of immunosuppressio

    Identification, production and characterization of environmental nanoplastics using geochemical and nanometrology tools

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    L’utilisation des plastiques s’est accompagnée d’un rejet massif de déchets plastiques dans l’environnement. Leur altération par photo-oxydation produit des nanoplastiques (NPs) dont les caractéristiques et les propriétés en font des vecteurs potentiellement importants de métaux. Etant difficiles à échantillonner dans l’environnement, leur étude a été jusqu’à présent réalisée à l’aide de modèle non représentatifs de l’environnement. Il est donc primordial de produire des modèles de NPs plus pertinents afin de mieux appréhender leur comportement et leur impact sur les polluants métalliques. La Py-GCMS permet d’identifier les NPs de polypropylène en présence de matière organique comme dans les matrices environnementales. L’abrasion mécanique des couches d’altération des plastiques photo-oxydés dans l’environnement, nous a permis de produire un modèle plus représentatif. Ces modèles de NPs présentent à leur surface des fonctions capables de complexer les métaux et de contrôler leur stabilité colloïdale. L’utilisation des terres rares et la modélisation thermodynamique, nous a permis de démontrer que l’adsorption des métaux est contrôlée par la formation de complexes mono ou bidentés avec les sites carboxyliques de surface. La formation des complexes mono ou bidentés dépend de la valence des métaux étudiés et des conditions physicochimiques du milieu. Plus globalement, la réactivité des NPs dépend de leur état d’oxydation qui contrôle leur densité de site de surface. De par leurs propriétés de sorption, les NPs peuvent être des acteurs clés de la dynamique des métaux dans des zones polluées par les plastiques comme par exemple: les sols agricoles amendés en déchets plastiques et les décharges.The use of plastics has been accompanied by a massive release of plastic waste into the environment. Their alteration by photo-oxidation produces nanoplastics (NPs), whose characteristics and properties make them potentially important metal vectors. Being difficult to sample in the environment, their study has been carried out with models not representative of environmental NPs. It is therefore essential to produce more relevant NPs models in order to better understand their behavior and impact on metal pollutants. Py-GCMS allows the identification of polypropylene nanoparticles in the presence of organic matter as in environmental matrices. The mechanical abrasion of the weathering layers of photo-oxidized plastics in the environment allowed us to produce a more representative model.These NPs models present on their surface functions thermodynamic modeling, allowed us to demonstrate that the metal adsorption of metals is controlled by the formation of mono- or bidentate complexes with the surface carboxylic sites. The formation of mono- or bidentate complexes depends on the valence of the metals studied and the physicochemical conditions of the medium. More globally, the reactivity of NPs depends on their oxidation state which controls their surface site den sity.Due to their sorption properties, NPs can be key players in the dynamics of metals in areas polluted by plastics such as: agricultural soils amended with plastic waste and landfills

    Identification, production et caractérisation de nanoplastiques environnementaux par l'utilisation d'outils géochimiques et de nanométrologie

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    The use of plastics has been accompanied by a massive release of plastic waste into the environment. Their alteration by photo-oxidation produces nanoplastics (NPs), whose characteristics and properties make them potentially important metal vectors. Being difficult to sample in the environment, their study has been carried out with models not representative of environmental NPs. It is therefore essential to produce more relevant NPs models in order to better understand their behavior and impact on metal pollutants. Py-GCMS allows the identification of polypropylene nanoparticles in the presence of organic matter as in environmental matrices. The mechanical abrasion of the weathering layers of photo-oxidized plastics in the environment allowed us to produce a more representative model.These NPs models present on their surface functions thermodynamic modeling, allowed us to demonstrate that the metal adsorption of metals is controlled by the formation of mono- or bidentate complexes with the surface carboxylic sites. The formation of mono- or bidentate complexes depends on the valence of the metals studied and the physicochemical conditions of the medium. More globally, the reactivity of NPs depends on their oxidation state which controls their surface site den sity.Due to their sorption properties, NPs can be key players in the dynamics of metals in areas polluted by plastics such as: agricultural soils amended with plastic waste and landfills.L’utilisation des plastiques s’est accompagnée d’un rejet massif de déchets plastiques dans l’environnement. Leur altération par photo-oxydation produit des nanoplastiques (NPs) dont les caractéristiques et les propriétés en font des vecteurs potentiellement importants de métaux. Etant difficiles à échantillonner dans l’environnement, leur étude a été jusqu’à présent réalisée à l’aide de modèle non représentatifs de l’environnement. Il est donc primordial de produire des modèles de NPs plus pertinents afin de mieux appréhender leur comportement et leur impact sur les polluants métalliques. La Py-GCMS permet d’identifier les NPs de polypropylène en présence de matière organique comme dans les matrices environnementales. L’abrasion mécanique des couches d’altération des plastiques photo-oxydés dans l’environnement, nous a permis de produire un modèle plus représentatif. Ces modèles de NPs présentent à leur surface des fonctions capables de complexer les métaux et de contrôler leur stabilité colloïdale. L’utilisation des terres rares et la modélisation thermodynamique, nous a permis de démontrer que l’adsorption des métaux est contrôlée par la formation de complexes mono ou bidentés avec les sites carboxyliques de surface. La formation des complexes mono ou bidentés dépend de la valence des métaux étudiés et des conditions physicochimiques du milieu. Plus globalement, la réactivité des NPs dépend de leur état d’oxydation qui contrôle leur densité de site de surface. De par leurs propriétés de sorption, les NPs peuvent être des acteurs clés de la dynamique des métaux dans des zones polluées par les plastiques comme par exemple: les sols agricoles amendés en déchets plastiques et les décharges

    Identification, production et caractérisation de nanoplastiques environnementaux par l'utilisation d'outils géochimiques et de nanométrologie

    No full text
    The use of plastics has been accompanied by a massive release of plastic waste into the environment. Their alteration by photo-oxidation produces nanoplastics (NPs), whose characteristics and properties make them potentially important metal vectors. Being difficult to sample in the environment, their study has been carried out with models not representative of environmental NPs. It is therefore essential to produce more relevant NPs models in order to better understand their behavior and impact on metal pollutants. Py-GCMS allows the identification of polypropylene nanoparticles in the presence of organic matter as in environmental matrices. The mechanical abrasion of the weathering layers of photo-oxidized plastics in the environment allowed us to produce a more representative model.These NPs models present on their surface functions thermodynamic modeling, allowed us to demonstrate that the metal adsorption of metals is controlled by the formation of mono- or bidentate complexes with the surface carboxylic sites. The formation of mono- or bidentate complexes depends on the valence of the metals studied and the physicochemical conditions of the medium. More globally, the reactivity of NPs depends on their oxidation state which controls their surface site den sity.Due to their sorption properties, NPs can be key players in the dynamics of metals in areas polluted by plastics such as: agricultural soils amended with plastic waste and landfills.L’utilisation des plastiques s’est accompagnée d’un rejet massif de déchets plastiques dans l’environnement. Leur altération par photo-oxydation produit des nanoplastiques (NPs) dont les caractéristiques et les propriétés en font des vecteurs potentiellement importants de métaux. Etant difficiles à échantillonner dans l’environnement, leur étude a été jusqu’à présent réalisée à l’aide de modèle non représentatifs de l’environnement. Il est donc primordial de produire des modèles de NPs plus pertinents afin de mieux appréhender leur comportement et leur impact sur les polluants métalliques. La Py-GCMS permet d’identifier les NPs de polypropylène en présence de matière organique comme dans les matrices environnementales. L’abrasion mécanique des couches d’altération des plastiques photo-oxydés dans l’environnement, nous a permis de produire un modèle plus représentatif. Ces modèles de NPs présentent à leur surface des fonctions capables de complexer les métaux et de contrôler leur stabilité colloïdale. L’utilisation des terres rares et la modélisation thermodynamique, nous a permis de démontrer que l’adsorption des métaux est contrôlée par la formation de complexes mono ou bidentés avec les sites carboxyliques de surface. La formation des complexes mono ou bidentés dépend de la valence des métaux étudiés et des conditions physicochimiques du milieu. Plus globalement, la réactivité des NPs dépend de leur état d’oxydation qui contrôle leur densité de site de surface. De par leurs propriétés de sorption, les NPs peuvent être des acteurs clés de la dynamique des métaux dans des zones polluées par les plastiques comme par exemple: les sols agricoles amendés en déchets plastiques et les décharges
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