Les relations élèves-enseignants et les attitudes des enseignants : contribution du statut générationnel et de la région d’origine

Les perceptions qu’ont les élèves des relations qu’ils entretiennent avec leurs enseignants, ainsi que des attitudes des enseignants à leur endroit, sont reconnues pour être associées à la réussite scolaire des élèves, notamment des élèves issus de l’immigration. Malgré l’accroissement de l’immigration et l’intérêt porté au vécu scolaire de ces élèves, un nombre limité de recherches quantitatives s'est penché sur leurs perceptions à l’égard de leurs enseignants au Québec. Cette étude a donc pour objectif principal de mieux comprendre les perceptions qu’ont les élèves du secondaire de la chaleur et des conflits dans les relations avec leurs enseignants, ainsi que des attentes de réussite et de la rétroaction négative des enseignants envers eux. Plus précisément, l’étude cherche à déterminer s’il existe des distinctions dans les perceptions entre les élèves de 1re, 2e et 3e génération, d’une part, et entre les élèves d’origine haïtienne, nord-africaine et canadienne, d’autre part. Elle cherche aussi à connaître s’il existe un effet d’interaction entre le statut générationnel et la région d’origine sur les perceptions des élèves. Les données ont été recueillies auprès de 819 élèves dans 8 écoles secondaires de la province de Québec. Les résultats montrent que les élèves de 2e génération, comparativement à leurs pairs de 3e génération, considèrent leurs relations avec les enseignants comme étant moins chaleureuses. Aussi, les élèves de 1re génération perçoivent des attentes de réussite légèrement plus élevées chez leurs enseignants que les élèves non immigrants. Ils ont aussi l’impression de recevoir davantage de rétroactions négatives de la part des enseignants. De plus, les élèves originaires d’Haïti rapportent moins d’échanges chaleureux avec les enseignants et une diminution des attentes de réussite de la part de leurs enseignants chez les élèves de 2e génération. Les implications de ces résultats pour la pratique et la recherche sont discutées.Students' perceptions of their relationships with their teachers and their attitudes towards them are known to be associated with student academic success, particularly for students with an immigrant background. Despite the increase in immigration and the interest in the academic experiences of these students, a limited amount of quantitative research has examined how these students perceive their teachers’ attitudes and practices in Quebec. The aim of this study is, therefore, to examine students’ perceptions of the level of closeness and conflict in their relationships with teachers, as well as their perceptions of teachers' expectations of success and negative feedback towards them. More specifically, the study examines whether there are distinctions in these perceptions between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation students and between students of Haitian, North African and Canadian origin. It also explores whether there is an interaction between generational status and the region of origin on students' perceptions. Data were collected from 819 students in 8 different high schools in the province of Quebec. Results show that 2nd generation students, compared to their 3rd generation peers, consider their relationships with teachers to be less warm. Also, 1st generation students perceive slightly higher expectations of success among their teachers than non-immigrant students. These students also feel that they are receiving more negative feedback from teachers. In addition, students from Haiti report less closeness with teachers and, for students of 2nd generation, they are more likely to perceive lower teachers’ expectations toward them. The implications of these results for practice and research are discussed

Antenatal influenza and pertussis vaccine uptake among Aboriginal mothers in Western Australia

Background: Antenatal influenza and pertussis vaccination prevent serious disease in mothers and infants. Aboriginal individuals are at increased risk of infection yet little is known about vaccine coverage among Aboriginal mothers. Aims: To estimate the uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccination among pregnant Aboriginal women in Western Australia and identify barriers and enablers to vaccination. Materials and methods: Four hundred Aboriginal women, aged ≥18 years, who gave birth to a live infant between April and October 2015, were randomly selected and invited to participate in telephone interviews. Of the 387 women who did not decline, 178 had a functioning phone number and 100 completed the survey. Analyses were weighted by maternal residence. Results: During pregnancy the majority of Aboriginal mothers were recommended influenza (66%; unweighted, 65/96 = 68%) and pertussis (65%; unweighted, 62/94 = 66%) vaccines, with 62% (unweighted, 56/94 = 56%) and 63% (unweighted, 60/93 = 65%) receiving the vaccinations, respectively. Almost all vaccinated women (98%) reported wanting to protect their baby as the reason for immunisation. Rural mothers were more likely than metropolitan mothers to have been vaccinated against influenza (odds ratio (OR) 4.1, 95% CI 1.7–10.2) and pertussis (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2–7.6). Recommendation by a healthcare provider was strongly associated with vaccine uptake (influenza: OR 15.6, 95% CI 4.9–49.5; pertussis: OR 13.3, 95% CI 4.6–38.0). Conclusion: Vaccination uptake among Western Australian Aboriginal mothers is comparable with rates reported for non‐Aboriginal populations worldwide. Provider recommendation is the single most important factor associated with vaccination uptake, underlining the importance of integrating vaccination into routine antenatal care

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a study in a large clinical sample of patients using a novel automated method

Objectives To identify negative symptoms in the clinical records of a large sample of patients with schizophrenia using natural language processing and assess their relationship with clinical outcomes. Design Observational study using an anonymised electronic health record case register. Setting South London and Maudsley NHS Trust (SLaM), a large provider of inpatient and community mental healthcare in the UK. Participants 7678 patients with schizophrenia receiving care during 2011. Main outcome measures Hospital admission, readmission and duration of admission. Results 10 different negative symptoms were ascertained with precision statistics above 0.80. 41% of patients had 2 or more negative symptoms. Negative symptoms were associated with younger age, male gender and single marital status, and with increased likelihood of hospital admission (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.39), longer duration of admission (β-coefficient 20.5 days, 7.6–33.5), and increased likelihood of readmission following discharge (OR 1.58, 1.28 to 1.95). Conclusions Negative symptoms were common and associated with adverse clinical outcomes, consistent with evidence that these symptoms account for much of the disability associated with schizophrenia. Natural language processing provides a means of conducting research in large representative samples of patients, using data recorded during routine clinical practice

Bubbling over! The behaviour of oil futures along the yield curve

Using a rational bubble framework, a future spot price bubble can be shown to induce explosive behaviour in current long maturity futures prices under particular conditions. To assess this empirically, we employ a novel test of the unit root null against a mildly explosive alternative to investigate multiple bubbles in the crude oil spot and a range of futures prices along the yield curve employing monthly and weekly data from 1995 to 2013. The results indicate that series overwhelmingly exhibit significant bubble periods ending in late 2008 even after allowing for an increase in unconditional volatility. Bubbles in the longer-dated contracts emerged as early as 2004 and are longer lasting than those in nearby and spot contracts. The bubble period was characterized by dramatic shifts in the yield curve associated with institutional spread positions that sharply increased futures prices at longer maturities. The results suggest that periods of time series disconnect between the spot and longer dated futures contracts could potentially form an input into early warning systems for macro-prudential policy

La incuestionabilidad del riesgo

Con anterioridad a la década de 1980, la literatura especializada en análisis y gestión del riesgo estaba dominada por la llamada visión tecnocrática o dominante. Esta visión establecía que los desastres naturales eran sucesos físicos extremos, producidos por una naturaleza caprichosa, externos a lo social y que requerían soluciones tecnológicas y de gestión por parte de expertos. Este artículo se centra en desarrollar una nueva explicación para entender la persistencia hegemónica de la visión tecnocrática basada en el concepto de incuestionabilidad del riesgo. Esta propuesta conceptual hace referencia a la incapacidad y desidia de los expertos, científicos y tomadores de decisiones en general (claimmakers) de identificar y actuar sobre las causas profundas de la producción del riesgo ya que ello conllevaría a cuestionar los imperativos normativos, las necesidades de las elites y los estilos de vida del actual sistema socioeconómico globalizado.Before de 1980s, the natural hazard analysis and management specialized literature was dominated by the so called "dominant" or "technocratic" view. Such perspective had established that natural disasters are extreme physical events caused by a whimsical nature and that these events are external to society. These events required technological and management solutions developed by experts. The current article aims at addressing a new explanatory component in the hegemonic persistence of the technocratic view. Such assumption was based on the "unquestionability of the risk" concept. It is stated that the "unquestionability of the risk" is the overall incapacity and neglect of experts, scientists and decision makers to identify and act over the deep causes of risk production, since it would make them question the normative imperatives and the demands from the elite as well as the life style in nowadays globalized socio-economic system

From Discovery to the First Month of the Type II Supernova 2023ixf: High and Variable Mass Loss in the Final Year Before Explosion

We present the discovery of Type II supernova (SN) 2023ixf in M101, among the closest core-collapse SNe in the last several decades, and follow-up photometric and spectroscopic observations in the first month of its evolution. The light curve is characterized by a rapid rise ($\approx5$ days) to a luminous peak ($M_V\approx-18$ mag) and plateau ($M_V\approx-17.6$ mag) extending to $30$ days with a smooth decline rate of $\approx0.03$ mag day$^{-1}$. During the rising phase, $U-V$ color shows blueward evolution, followed by redward evolution in the plateau phase. Prominent flash features of hydrogen, helium, carbon, and nitrogen dominate the spectra up to $\approx5$ days after first light, with a transition to a higher ionization state in the first $\approx2$ days. Both the $U-V$ color and flash ionization states suggest a rise in the temperature, indicative of a delayed shock-breakout inside dense circumstellar material (CSM). From the timescales of CSM interaction, we estimate its compact radial extent of $\sim(3-7)\times10^{14}$ cm. We then construct numerical light-curve models based on both continuous and eruptive mass-loss scenarios shortly before explosion. For the continuous mass-loss scenario, we infer a range of mass-loss history with $0.1-1.0$ $M_\odot {\rm yr}^{-1}$ in the final $2-1$ years before explosion, with a potentially decreasing mass loss of $0.01-0.1$ $M_\odot {\rm yr}^{-1}$ in $\sim0.7-0.4$ years towards the explosion. For the eruptive mass-loss scenario, we favor eruptions releasing $0.3-1$ $M_\odot$ of the envelope at about a year before explosion, which result in CSM with mass and extent similar to the continuous scenario. We discuss the implications of the available multi-wavelength constraints obtained thus far on the progenitor candidate and SN 2023ixf to our variable CSM models.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ

SPOT: A strategic life-cycle-assessment-based methodology and tool for cosmetic product eco-design

ABSTRACT: The cosmetics industry is facing growing pressure to offer more sustainable products, which can be tackled by applying eco-design. This article aims to present the Sustainable Product Optimization Tool (SPOT) methodology developed by L’Oréal to eco-design its cosmetic products and the strategies adopted for its implementation while presenting the challenges encountered along the way. The SPOT methodology is based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a finished product and its subsystems (formula, packaging, manufacturing and distribution). Several environmental indicators are assessed, normalized and weighted based on the planetary boundaries concept, and then aggregated into a single footprint. A product sustainability index (a single rating, easy to interpret) is then obtained by merging the environmental product rating derived from the single environmental footprint with the social rating (not covered here). The use of the SPOT method is shown by two case studies. The implementation of SPOT, based on specific strategic and managerial measures (corporate and brand targets, Key Performance Indicators, and financial incentives) is discussed. These measures have enabled L’Oréal to have 97% of their products stated as eco-designed in 2022. SPOT shows how eco-design can be implemented on a large scale without compromising scientific robustness. Eco-design tools must strike the right balance between the complexity of the LCA and the ease of interpretation of the results, and have a robust implementation plan to ensure a successful eco-design strategy