Genetic Divergence And Loss Of Diversity In Two Cultured Populations Of The Bay Scallop, Argopecten Irradians (Lamarck, 1819)

Researchers at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) have been maintaining a small-scale bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) culturing operation since the late 1960s. The cultured Line was originally established with broodstock collected from the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina, but it has since been augmented with a \u27\u27grab bag\u27\u27 of introductions from other source populations. A large bay scallop-culturing operation was reportedly founded in China in the early 1980s, with 26 individuals provided by the VIMS researchers. The degree of genetic divergence between these two populations since the founding of the Chinese operation is unknown, as are the relative amounts of genetic diversity that may have been maintained under the selective pressures of the hatchery. Samples of cultured bay scallops were obtained from culturing operations in Wachapreague, VA, in 1993 and 1995, and from the Shandong Province of China in 1993. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from individual scallops, digested with a battery of eight restriction enzymes, and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Measures of haplotype diversity and divergence were calculated for the samples to reveal genetic differences between the cultured populations and to allow comparison of the levels of genetic variation maintained in the cultured populations relative to those observed in several natural populations of bay scallops. A sample of 55 Virginia cultured bay scallops was found to be monotypic, represented by a single haplotype, and three haplotypes were observed in 36 individuals sampled from China. No haplotypes were shared between the samples, indicating that significant divergence has occurred between the populations. The single haplotype from Virginia was observed in a sample of bay scallops from New England, and the least common haplotype from the Chinese sample was also found in samples from New England, North Caroling and Crystal River, FL. Haplotype diversity and genotypic divergence values for the cultured samples indicate that mtDNA variation may be lost in the culturing process and that a bottleneck effect and/or genetic drift has affected the levels of variation in these populations differently. Assuming that the Chinese culturing operation was founded exclusively with individuals from the Virginia population, it can be concluded that the latter has lost a greater proportion of the original variation in the intervening generations of hatchery breeding

Aquaculture and marketing of the Florida Bay Scallop in Crystal River, Florida

The overall goal of this study was to develop a new fishery resource product through open-water aquaculture for the west coast of Florida that would compete as a non-traditional product through market development. Specific objectives were as follows: I. To grow a minimum of 50, 000 juvenile scallops to a minimum market size of40 mm in a cage and float system in the off-shore waters of Crystal River, Florida. 2. To determine the growth rate, survival, and time to market size for the individuals in this system and area to other similar projects like Virginia. 3. To introduce local fishermen and the aquaculture students at Crystal River High School to the hatchery, nursery, and grow-out techniques. 4. To determine the economic and financial characteristics of bay scallop culture in Florida and assess the sensitivity of projected costs and earnings to changes in key technical, managerial, and market related parameters. 5. To determine the market acceptability and necessary marketing strategy for whole bay scallop product in Florida. (PDF has 99 pages.

Shakespeare’s Informal English and Modern Punctuation

Partiendo del inglés informal de Shakespeare se seleccionan aquí los marcadores del discurso para su posterior consideración, un aspecto del lenguaje a menudo ignorado por los editores de las obras de teatro de este autor. Se discute qué constituye un marcador del discurso y dónde y en qué forma se manifiesta; esto nos llevará a una primera propuesta para puntuar las ediciones modernas. Para distinguir los marcadores del discurso de las exclamaciones, fórmulas de tratamiento e imprecaciones, éstos deben generalmente no ir puntuados por comas o cualquier otro signo. La excepción a esta regla se manifiesta cuando un marcador se da dentro de una cláusula y consiste en una cláusula, en cuyo caso su estatus puede precisarse por medio de comas. La mayoría de los ejemplos que se presentan corresponden a Hamlet.From Shakespeare’s informal English here are selected for consideration discourse markers, an aspect of language often ignored by editors of Shakespeare’s plays. It is discussed what constitutes a discourse marker and where and in what form they appear. This leads to outline proposals for the way in which they should be punctuated in modern editions. To distinguish them from exclamations, forms of address and oaths, they should generally not be marked off with commas or any other punctuation. The exception to this rule is when a marker occurs within a clause and consists of a clause, where its status may need to be signalled by commas. Most of the examples are taken from Hamlet

On Sharp Permutation Groups whose Point Stabilizers are Certain Frobenius Groups

We investigate non-geometric sharp permutation groups of type {0,k} whose point stabilizers are certain Frobenius groups. We show that if a point stabilizer has a cyclic Frobenius kernel whose order is a power of a prime and Frobenius complement cyclic of prime order, then the point stabilizer is isomorphic to the symmetric group on 3 letters, and there is up to permutation isomorphism, one such permutation group. Further, we determine a significant structural description of non-geometric sharp permutation groups of type {0,k} whose point stabilizers are Frobenius groups with elementary abelian Frobenius kernel K and Frobenius complement L with |L| = |K|-1. As a result of this structural description, it is shown that the smallest non-solvable Frobenius group cannot be a point stabilizer in a non-geometric sharp permutation group of type {0,k}

Aquiculture and Marketing of the Florida Bay Scallop in Crystal River, Florida

The overall goal of this study was to develop a new fishery resource product through open-water aquaculture for the west coast of Florida that would compete as a non-traditional product through market development. Specific objectives were as follows: I. To grow a minimum of 50, 000 juvenile scallops to a minimum market size of40 mm in a cage and float system in the off-shore waters of Crystal River, Florida. 2. To determine the growth rate, survival, and time to market size for the individuals in this system and area to other similar projects like Virginia. 3. To introduce local fishermen and the aquaculture students at Crystal River High School to the hatchery, nursery, and grow-out techniques. 4. To determine the economic and financial characteristics of bay scallop culture in Florida and assess the sensitivity of projected costs and earnings to changes in key technical, managerial, and market related parameters. 5. To determine the market acceptability and necessary marketing strategy for whole bay scallop product in Florida. (PDF has 99 pages

Estimates of Harvest Potential and Distribution of the Deep Sea Red Crab, Chaceon quinquedens, in the North Central Gulf of Mexico

Harvest potential, relative abundance, and geographic and bathymetric distribution are discussed for the red crab, Chaceon quinquedens, in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico. Harvest potential is expressed as the number of trapable crabs present on fishing grounds defined as depths ranging from 677 m to 1043 m between 87.5o and 88.5oW longitude. Using various estimates of the effective fishing area (EFA) of a trap, the number of trapable red crabs on the fishing grounds ranged from 3.7 x 106 to 10.7 x 106. Estimatesofcrabnumberssuggest there is a potential for commercial harvest in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico, east of the Mississippi River. However, fishery development must take into consideration the preponderance of females on the defined fishing grounds (MF ratio = 1:2.1) and the high incidence of ovigerous females (~20%) during much of the year. Females generally dominated at all depth strata, but the proportion of males to females increased with depth. Reduced numbers of red crabs were collected off the western Louisiana coast and a shift in depth distribution was found. Minimum upper depth limit for red crabs west of the Mississippi River was 860 m as compared to 677 m east of the River. The known range of C. fenneri is extended to 92o12 W longitude

Estimates of Harvest Potential and Distribution of the Deep Sea Red Crab, Chaceon quinquedens, in the North Central Gulf of Mexico

Harvest potential, relative abundance, and geographic and bathymetric distribution are discussed for the red crab, Chaceon quinquedens, in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico. Harvest potential is expressed as the number of trapable crabs present on fishing grounds defined as depths ranging from 677 m to 1043 m between 87.5o and 88.5oW longitude. Using various estimates of the effective fishing area (EFA) of a trap, the number of trapable red crabs on the fishing grounds ranged from 3.7 x 106 to 10.7 x 106. Estimatesofcrabnumberssuggest there is a potential for commercial harvest in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico, east of the Mississippi River. However, fishery development must take into consideration the preponderance of females on the defined fishing grounds (MF ratio = 1:2.1) and the high incidence of ovigerous females (~20%) during much of the year. Females generally dominated at all depth strata, but the proportion of males to females increased with depth. Reduced numbers of red crabs were collected off the western Louisiana coast and a shift in depth distribution was found. Minimum upper depth limit for red crabs west of the Mississippi River was 860 m as compared to 677 m east of the River. The known range of C. fenneri is extended to 92o12 W longitude

Pressed for Space: The Effects of Justification and the Printing Process on Fifteenth-Century Orthography

There is a long-held belief that, prior to the standardisation of written English, printers altered spellings to justify their type. I investigate this claim through an analysis of spelling changes in William Caxton’s two editions of the Canterbury Tales—by examining text within one book, written by one author, and set by one compositor, the only difference between the sections of verse and the sections of prose should be the requirement for justification within the latter. Were the compositors altering spellings to justify their type, we would expect to see a greater number of altered spellings in the prose sections of text. This is not what the results of this study show—instead there is no statistically significant difference between the frequency of spelling changes in justified and non-justified text. However, there is a significantly higher number of abbreviations introduced into the justified text. These results suggest that the compositor of Caxton’s second edition Canterbury Tales did not change spellings to justify his type

Mapping Coupled Social-Ecological Systems in Puget Sound: Lessons from Paired Social and Biophysical Data

Ecology benefits from integrated, interdisciplinary collaborations. However, most collaboration exists within natural science disciplines. Expanding these collaborations to disciplines outside the natural sciences enhances both ecology as well as other engaged disciplines. Our work suggests that ecosystem based research needs to be grounded in social science frameworks, in order to better address the complexities of resource management in urbanized and urbanizing systems. The Washington portion of the Salish Sea is home to over 3.5 million people. The anthropogenic pressures are substantial, as are the complexities of managing them. This complexity challenges conventional ecology-centric management approaches, and this limitation can be reduced when sociological factors are incorporated. In our study we sought to garner collaborative insights generated by linking a social survey to landscape ecology. The survey identified normative influences in social interactions in the Puget Sound basin by posing a series of questions regarding individual views on the local environment and the desirability of a range of potential ecosystem conditions within Puget Sound. We tried to identify the relationship between an urban development trajectory and people’s views on environmental problems and possible policy solutions. We mapped the survey data to US zip code regions and spatially overlaid the survey response data with existing geospatial data layers of biophysical conditions. We found relationships between people’s responses and the conditions within their residence zip code, which alters our interpretation of both the sociological and ecological data. Interdisciplinary collaboration across conventional disciplinary boundaries is at the center of this socio-ecological effort to improve environmental restoration efforts and decision-making in the Puget Sound. Because restoration goals for various aspects of the Puget Sound ecosystem are often products of biophysical analyses combined with the sociopolitical expressions of stakeholders and managers, robust research around restoration must include both a developed understanding of the local landscape ecology and an informed analysis of Salish Sea-specific societal perceptions and values

Effects of aging on biological motion discrimination

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