Зміст та основні цілі стимулювання збуту на підприємстві

Стаття присвячена висвітленню сутності стимулювання підприємства, як важливої складової для забезпечення ефективного його функціонування, а також проаналізовано головні завдання, та основні переваги та недоліки заходів, які використовуються у системі стимулювання збуту. У статті розглянуто зміст стимулювання збуту продукції підприємства, його цілі та завдання. Виявлено, що стимулювання збуту ‒ це система короткострокових спонукальних заходів на тимчасовій або територіальній основі, що чинить вплив на трьох учасників ринку (споживачів, торгових посередників, торговий персонал), яка покликана стимулювати негайне здійснення покупки і прискорений збут продукції. Наведена характеристика сучасних засобів і прийомів стимулювання збуту. Розглянуто класифікацію стимулювання збуту продукції підприємства за виникненням і впливом на покупців. Дістали подальшого розвитку теоретичні положе ння стимулювання збуту, в тому числі визначення його основних напрямків.The article is devoted to highlighting the essence of stimulating the enterprise as an important component for ensuring its effective functioning, and also analyzed the main tasks and the main advantages and disadvantages of those used in the sales promotion system. The article deals with the content of sales’ promotion in the complex of product promotion, its goals and tasks. It is found that sales promotion is a system of short-term incentives on a temporary or territorial basis, affects three market part icipants (consumers, resellers, sales personnel), which is designed to stimulate immediate purchase and accelerated sales. The characteristic of modern means and methods of sales’ promotion is given. The classification of sales promotion in the work on occurrence and influence on buyers is described. The theoretical positions of sales’ promotion were furt her developed, the main directions of sales promotion were established

Trophoblastic and decidual response to RU486: effects on human chorionic gonadotrophin, human placental lactogen, prolactin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A production in vitro

RU486 [17β-hydroxy-11β-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17α-(prop-1-ynyl)-oestra-4,9-dien-3-one] a potent progesterone antagonist, was shown to induce abortions in humans. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) decreased after RU486 administration, but it was not clear whether these effects were due to RU486 or secondary to trophoblast damage. To answer this question we tested the in-vitro effects of RU486 on short-term cultures of trophoblastic and decidual explants. It was observed that RU486 induced a significant inhibition of the trophoblastic production rate of βHCG and PAPP-A but not human placental lactogen. This effect could be overcome by addition of progesterone (for PAPP-A and βHCG) or cortisol (for βHCG). Decidual prolactin (Prl) or PAPP-A secretions were also inhibited by RU486. Progesterone antagonized these effects, whereas cortisol was ineffective. These results suggest that PAPP-A is a progesterone-dependent protein and that the abortifacknt effect of RU486 in humans could at least partially be due to an inhibition of the production of HCG and/or PAPP-

Arctic ice export events and their potential impact on global climate during the late Pleistocene

Ice sheets in the North American Arctic and, to a lesser extent, those in northern Eurasia calved large quantities of icebergs that drifted through Fram Strait into the Greenland Sea several times during the late Pleistocene. These icebergs deposited Fe oxide grains (45–250 mm) and coarse lithic clasts >250 mm matched to specific circum-Arctic sources. Four massive Arctic iceberg export events are identified from the Laurentide and the Innuitian ice sheets, between 14 and 34 ka (calendar years) in a sediment core from Fram Strait. These relatively short duration (<1–4 kyr) events contain 3–5 times the background levels of Fe oxide grains. They began suddenly, as indicated by a steep rise in the number of grains matched to an ice sheet source, suggesting rapid purges of ice through Fram Strait, due perhaps to collapse of ice sheets. The larger events from the northwestern Laurentide ice sheet are preceded by events from the Innuitian ice sheet. Despite the chronological uncertainties, the Arctic export events appear to occur prior to Heinrich events