Utvrđivanje fenolnih substanci kod šest različitih populacija medvjeđe lijeske (Corylus colurna L.) i usporedba fluktuacije fenola u slučaju nedostatka vode

Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) is one of the naturally grown hazelnut species in Turkey. It can be easily separated from other hazel species with its thick single stem and tall appearance. It can be used in afforestation and erosion control studies due to low demand for habitat and strong root system. It contains substances with high medicinal value in its fruits and leaves. Hazel leaves have strong antioxidant activity due to their high phenolic content. Objective of the study was primarily to determine the individual phenolic constituents of six different population of Turkish Hazelnut and then to evaluate the effect of water deficiency stress generated by irrigation regime on phenolic constituents and photosystem II activity on these genotypes. Grafted plants were produced by taking scions from six different populations of Turkish Hazelnut (Oğuzlar, Erenler, Merkeşler, Seben, Güney Felakettin and Pelitcik). The study was started when the grafted seedlings were 7 years old in greenhouse. During the experiment (June and July), two different levels of irrigation were applied (W1: the soil was fully irrigated to reach field capacity in each irrigation; W2: 50% reduction of W1 irrigation water). After the application of two different irrigation regimes, leaves were collected for each month, dried, extracted with methanol and then quantitatively analyzed and compared for individual phenolic constituents (gallic acid monohydrate, caffeic acid, rutin hydrate, luteolin-7-O-β-D glucoside, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, quercetin, coumarin and apigenin) by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD). Generally, rutin, kaempferol and luteolin were dominant individual phenols in methanol extracts of Turkish hazelnut leaves. Pelitcik population was noticeable source of rutin and kaempferol in June, and the halved irrigation regime significantly increased the levels of both phenols in July. Similarly, the highest total phenolic content was observed in the Pelitcik population in June and the halved irrigation regime significantly increased the total phenolic content in both months in this population. It was also determined to what extent water deficiency physiologicallyaffects the quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II activity through chlorophyll fluorescence technique in hazelnut leaves. Generally, Fv/Fm value decreased with water deficiency. This study showed that water deficiency stress generally caused an increase in phenolic constituents in Turkish Hazel leaves and they may be proper natural sources of phenolic constituents with abiotic stress applications in pharmaceutical and food industry.Medvjeđa lijeska (Corylus colurna L.) jedna je od prirodno rasprostanjenih vrsta lijeske u Turskoj. Lako se može razlikovati od drugih vrsta zahvaljujući svojoj visini i promjeru debla. Vrlo često se koristi za pošumljevanje terena sklonih eroziji zbog snažnog korijenja i skromnih ekloških zahtjeva. Njezino lišće i plodovi sadrže mnogo tvari koje se koriste u medicinske svrhe. Lišće medvjeđe ljeske ima snažno antioksidativno djelovanje zbog visokog sadržaja fenola. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi sadržaj fenola u lišću šest populacija medvjeđe lijeske te procijeniti učinak sušnoga stresa na sadržaj fenola i kvantnu učinkovitost fotosustava II. Istraživane biljke proizvedene su cijepljenjem nakon sakupljanja plemki iz šest populacija medvjeđe lijeske (Oğuzlar, Erenler, Merkeşler, Seben, Güney Felakettin i Pelitcik). Istraživanje je provedeno u stakleničkim uvjetima kad su kalemljene biljke bile stare 7 godina. Tijekom pokusa (lipanj i srpanj), primijenjena su dva različita načina navodnjavanja (W1: tlo je navodnjavano do poljskog vodnog kapaciteta; W2: tlo je navodnjavano s 50 % manje vode u odnosu na W1 način navodnjavanja). Nakon primjene dva različita režima navodnjavanja, lišće je uzorkovano u lipnju i srpnju. Nakon toga je osušeno, ekstrahirano s metanolom te kvantitativno analizirano s ciljem utvrđivanja njegova fenolnog sastava (galna kiselina monohidrat, kofeinska kiselina, rutin, hidrat, luteolin-7-O-β-D glukozid, kaempferol, rozmarinska kiselina, miricetin, kvercetin, kumarin i apigenin) uz korištenje tekuće kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) i detektora s nizom dioda (DAD). Rutin, kaempferol i luteolin bili su dominantni fenoli u ekstraktu metanola iz lišća medvjeđe lijeske. Populacija Pelitcik bila je značajan izvor rutina i kaempferola u lipnju, a W2 režim navodnjavanja značajno je povećao razine oba fenola u srpnju. Isto tako, najviši sadržaj fenola zabilježen je u populaciji Pelitcik u lipnju, a W2 režim navodnjavanja značajno je povećao ukupan sadržaj fenola u lipnju i srpnju. Također je utvrđeno u kojoj mjeri nedostatak vode utječe na kvantnu učinkovitost fotosustava II (Fv/Fm). Općenito, Fv/Fm vrijednosti opadaju s nedostatkom vode. Ova studija pokazala je da nedostatak vode kod medvjeđe ljeske potiče produkciju fenola te da se na taj način može osigurati prirodni izvor fenola koji se može koristiti u farmaceutskoj i prehrambenoj industriji

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTITUMOR, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS OF FIELD-GROWN AND IN VITRO-GROWN LYSIMACHIA VULGARIS L.

Background: Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Yellow loosestrife) is a medicinal plant in the family Myrsinaceae. It has been used in the treatment of fever, ulcer, diarrhea and wounds in folk medicine. It has also analgesic, expectorant, astringent and antiinflammatory activities. Two different sources of the plant (field-grown and in vitro-grown) were used to evaluate the biological activities (antibacterial, antitumor and antioxidant) of L. vulgaris. In vitro-grown plant materials were collected from L. vulgaris plants that were previously regenerated in our laboratory. Materials and Methods: Plant materials were extracted with water, ethanol and acetone. For antibacterial test, disc diffusion method and 10 different pathogenic bacteria were used. Antioxidant activity was indicated by using DPPH method. The total phenol amount by using Folin-Ciocaltaeu method and the total flavonoid amount by using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method were determined. Results: Generally, yellow loosestrife extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes). Strong antitumor activity of yellow loosestrife was observed via potato disc diffusion bioassay. Nine different phenolics were also determined and compared by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Conclusion: Future investigations should be focused on fractionation of the extracts to identify active components for biological activity

<em>In vitro</em> adventitious plant regeneration of <em>Echium orientale</em> L., an endemic plant: The evaluation of biological activities and phenolic content

264-272Echium orientale L. is a Turkish endemic plant in the family Boraginaceae. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient in vitro culture protocol for E. orientale and compare the field-grown and in vitro-grown leaves in terms of antibacterial, antitumor and antioxidant activities and phenolic profiles. Leaf and petiole explants were cultured on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium with various plant growth regulator combinations. Best shoot proliferation was obtained from leaf explant with 1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), producing 8.7 shoots per explant at 100% shoot frequency. Regenerated shoots were transferred to rooting media containing different levels of IAA, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The best root formation was observed with MS basal medium (control). Rooted explants were transferred to vermiculate in Magenta containers for acclimatization and after 3 weeks they were transferred to plastic pots containing potting soil and maintained in the plant growth room. Leaves from field-grown plants showed higher antibacterial, antitumor and antioxidant activities, and phenolic content than those from in vitro-grown plants

<em>In vitro</em> antibacterial and antitumor efficiency of some traditional plants from Turkey

50-58Traditional usages of medicinal plants can be justified scientifically with bioassays. Three different extracts (aqueous, methanol and ethanol) of 11 Turkish traditional plants [Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Lamium album subsp. crinitum (Montbret & Aucher ex Benth.) Mennema, Sideritis taurica Steph. ex Willd., Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericum linarioides Bosse, Cyanus triumfettii (All.) Dostál ex Á. Löve & D. Löve, Daphne oleoides Schreb., Anemone nemorosa L., Polygonatum orientale Desf., Cynoglossum montanum L. and Hyoscyamus niger L.] were evaluated for their antibacterial and antitumor potentials. Antibacterial activity was evaluated with 3 Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes) and 7 Gram-negative (Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae and Escheria coli) bacteria by using disc diffusion method. Ethanol and methanol extracts of S. taurica, and all extracts of H. perforatum and H. linarioides showed the best antibacterial activities against tested Gram-positive bacteria. Aqueous extract of L. album displayed the best inhibition against Streptococcus pyogenes. Antitumour potential was revealed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced potato disc tumor assay. Strong antitumor activity was observed with ethanol and methanol extracts of L. album (90 % and 80 %, respectively). This study ascertained the scientific rationale behind the traditional knowledge of S. taurica, H. perforatum, H. linarioides, L. album and D. oleoides. Identification of active components should be investigated for plant extracts having strong antibacterial and antitumor activities in further studies.</em

Yield, yield features, phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Abutilon indicum cultivated under different fertilizers

G. Yaldiz, A. B. Yildirim, Y. K. Arici, and M. Camlica. 2016. Yield, yield features, phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Abutilon indicum cultivated under different fertilizers. Cien. Inv. Agr. 43(3):464-475. Abutilon indicum (Link) Sweet is an important medicinal plant that has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and it is one ofthe novel crops being used in the pharmaceutical industry. Agricultural practices that produce high drug yield and desired secondary metabolites are in high demand by pharmaceutical-related industries; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the leaf and seed yield, crude oil yield, crude oil composition, total phenolic content, and the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of A. indicum Sweet grown using two fertilizer applications: a three-component fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK, 10-10-40) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN, 26% N). In addition, the results were compared to a control group in which no fertilizer was used. Two experiments were conducted in two consecutive years, and the highest leaf and seed yields, 74250.0±5440.0 kg ha-1 and 1159.6±62.2 kg ha-1, respectively, were obtained from the CAN application in both years. Seed crude oil content varied from 13.6 to 14.7%, and linoleic acid (69.5%) was the major crude oil acid in the seed oil, which reached higher values under the NPK than the CAN application. Both fertilizers were found to promote the highest antioxidant activity in the roots (87.2%). In leaves, the highest phenolic compound content was observed in the control application (56.9±0.0 mg GAE g'¹ dry extract), and the highest flavonoid content was detected in the CAN application (107.4 mg Pyrocatechol g-1 dry extract). Except the leaves extracts, the root and seed extracts of A. indicum Sweet had higher phenolic contents than the control application. For all of the analyzed extracts combined (leaf, root and seed), the fertilized plants had higher flavonoid contents than the control application. In addition, the root extracts ofA. indicum Sweet exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes.G. Yaldiz, A. B.Yildirim, Y. K. Arici y M. Camlica. 2016. Rendimiento, características del rendimiento, composición fitoquímico, actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana del Abutilon indicum cultivado con diferentes formas de aplicación de fertilizantes. Cien. Inv. Agr. 43(3):464-475. El Abutilon indicum (Link) Sweet es una importante planta medicinal que se ha empleado durante siglos en la medicina tradicional y una de las novedades en cultivos de la industria farmacéutica. Las prácticas agrarias que producen un alto rendimiento de componentes de plantas secados al aire libre (‘drog’) y los metabolitos secundarios deseados están muy demandadas por las industrias asociadas. De este modo, el objeto del estudio consistía en determinar el rendimiento de la hoja y la semilla del Abutilon indicum Sweet, el rendimiento y composición de su aceite crudo, su contenido fenólico total y su potencial antioxidante y antibacteriano empleando para ello las dos aplicaciones de fertilizante que figuran a continuación: un fertilizante de tres componentes (nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio; NPK, 10-10-40) y nitrato de amonio y calcio (CAN, 26% N). Además, los resultados se han comparado con el grupo de control, sin fertilizante. Los dos experimentos se llevaron a cabo en dos años consecutivos. Los rendimientos más altos tanto de hoja como la semilla se obtuvieron en ambos años con la aplicación del CAN, con unos resultados de 74250.0±5440.0 y 1159.6±62.2 kg ha-1, respectivamente. El contenido de aceite crudo de la semilla varió del 13.6 al 14.7%. El ácido linoleico (69.5%) fue el ácido graso predominante en el aceite de la semilla, alcanzando valores mayores con la aplicación del NPK comparado con CAN. Ambos fertilizantes presentaron la mayor actividad antioxidante en las raíces (87.2%). En las hojas, el componente fenólico más alto se observó en la aplicación de control (56.9±0.0 mg GAE g-1 extracto seco), y el mayor contenido de flavonoides se detectó en la aplicación del CAN (107.4 mg de pirocatecol g-1 extracto seco). En todos los extractos analizados (hoja, raíz y semilla), las plantas fertilizadas presentaron contenidos flavonoides mayores que los obtenidos en la aplicación de control. Además, los extractos de la raíz del Abutilon indicum Sweet tuvieron la mejor actividad antibacteriana contra el Streptococcus pyogenes

Analysis of growth curves of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) fed diets containing dry oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) in an organic system

In this study, 240 day-old guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) keets were utilized. They were divided into four treatment groups each containing 20 chicks and were randomly distributed into 12 mobile coops placed in a 100-m2 grazing area. Guinea fowl chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatment diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% dry oregano leaf (DOL) supplements. Nonlinear Gompertz and logistic growth models were used to estimate the mean age-body weight. The growth curve parameters for these models and the following characteristics for fowl were estimated: β0, the asymptotic weight parameter; β the scaling parameter; β2, the instantaneous per week growth rate; weight at age of inflection point (WIP); maximum weight gain at inflection point (MWG); and age at the inflection point (AIP). The goodness of fit (GF) for the models was assessed using the following variables: coefficients of determination (r2), mean square error (MSE), adjusted determination coefficient (ADR2), Akaike's information criteria (AIC), chi-square test (Chi.Sq2) and residual standard deviation (RSD). The different nonlinear function results of the individual data indicated that supplementation of diets with DOL had no significant effects on growth curve parameters when compared with the control diet. Greater correlation values were estimated among β0, β1, β2, WIP, MWG and AIP in the Gompertz equation, and similar results were estimated in the logistic equation, but there was no significant correlation between β2-β1 and β2-MWG. According to the results obtained from the GF, high r2 and ADR2 were estimated in Gompertz and logistic equations (above 0.96).En este estudio, se utilizaron las gallinas de Guinea (Numidea meleagris) de 240 días de vida. Se dividieron en cuatro grupos de tratamiento cada uno con 20 pollitos y fueron distribuidos al azar en 12 gallineros móviles colocadas en todos y cada uno de los 100 m2 de área de pastoreo. Gallinas de Guinea fueron asignadas al azar a 4 tratamientos (dietas) que contengan 0%, 5%, 10% y 15% de suplemento de hojas de orégano seco (DOL). Modelos no lineales de Gompertz y modelos logísticos fueron utilizados para estimar la edad media-peso vivo. El parámetro de curva de crecimiento de estos modelos y sus características para la gallina β0 es el parámetro de peso asintótico, β1 es el parámetro de escala, β2 es la tasa de crecimiento instantáneo por semana, el peso a la edad del punto de inflexión (WIP), el aumento de peso máximo en el punto de inflexión (MWG), la edad en el punto de inflexión (AIP). La bondad de ajuste (GF) de los modelos evaluados usando Coeficientes de Determinación (r2), El error cuadrático medio (MSE), el coeficiente de determinación ajustado (ADR2), los criterios de información de Akaike (AIC), la prueba de Pearson (ChiSq2) y la desviación estándar residual (RSD). Los diferentes resultados de las funciones no lineales de los datos individuales indicaron que la suplementación de dietas con DOL no tuvo efectos significativos en los parámetros de la curva de crecimiento en comparación con la dieta de control. Se estimaron valores de correlación más altos entre β0, β1, β2, WIP, MWG y AIP en la ecuación de Gompertz y un resultado similar estimado en la ecuación logística, pero no hay correlación significativa entre β2-β1 y β2-MWG. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos de GF, r2 alta y ADR2 se estimaron en la ecuación de Gompertz y logística por encima de 0,96

Does stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) have an effect on bone formation in the expanded inter-premaxillary suture?

Objective: To determine whether systemically given stinging nettle (SN) has an effect on bone formation in response to expansion of the rat inter-premaxillary suture