Melamin-Formaldehit-tiyoüre (MFT) reçinesi ile çözeltilerden palladyum(II) iyonlarının geri kazanılması

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu çalışmada, melamin-formaldehit-tiyoüre (MFT) reçinesi sentezlenmiş ve bu reçine ile çözeltilerden Pd2+ iyonlarının geri kazanımı çalışılmıştır. Kesikli yöntem ile adsorpsiyon çalışmaları yapılarak pH'nın etkisi incelenmiş ve en uygun olarak pH= 4'de çalışılması gerektiği bulunmuştur. Reçinenin adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 15,29 mg Pd2+/g reçine olarak bulunmuştur. Kolon çalışmalarında Cu2+, Zn2+ iyonlarından Pd2+ iyonlarının ayrılabilirliği ve geri kazanılması incelenmiştir. Melamin-formaldehit-tiyoüre reçinesinin Cu2+ ve Zn2+ iyonlarının yanında Pd2+ iyonlarına ilgisinin daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Yapılan kolon çalışmalarında Pd2+ iyonlarının diğer metal iyonlarından iyi bir şekilde ayrılabileceği gözlenmiştir.In the present work, melamine-formaldehyde-thiourea (MFT) resin was synthesized and the recovery of Pd2+ ions from solutions by this chelating resin was studied. It was found by batch method that the optimum pH is 4 to be recovered Pd2+ ions. Adsorption capacity was calculated as 15.29 mg Pd2+/g resin. Moreover, in the column studies, selective recovery of Pd2+ ions from Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions in the same solution was examined. It was seen that the melamine-formaldehyde-thiourea resin showed higher affinity to Pd2+ than Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. It was concluded that Pd2+ ions can be concentrated and separated from Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions

Procjena mogućnosti uporabe biljaka Rhododendron luteum i Rhododendron ponticum kao sirovine za proizvodnju celuloze i papira

In this study, Rhododendron luteum and Rhododendron ponticum were evaluated as raw material for pulp and paper production. 12 different sodium borohydride (NaBH4) added cooking trials were performed for each sample and kraft method was used for pulp production. Pulp properties, such as yield, kappa number and viscosity, and physical properties, such as breaking length and burst index, were determined for each trial. Besides, the effects of active alkali and NaBH4 on the pulp and paper properties were also examined. Optimum cooking conditions were obtained by using 18 % active alkali for NaBH4-free cooking experiments and 0.5 % NaBH4 and 18 % active alkali for NaBH4-added cooking experiments. In NaBH4-added pulping condition, the screened yield, kappa number and viscosity of R. luteum were found to be 43.4 %, 40.1 and 949 cm3/g1, respectively. The respective values for R. ponticum were 41.9 %, 44.5 and 885 cm3/g1. The screened yields of R. luteum and R. ponticum increased by about 2.8 % and 5.3 %, respectively, with 5 % addition of NaBH4 compared to NaBH4-free cooking experiments. Furthermore, with the addition of NaBH4, the kappa numbers decreased while the viscosity increased. The physical properties of the produced papers were also improved by using NaBH4 in cooking liquor. According to the obtained results, it was found that R. luteum and R. ponticum species can be evaluated for pulp and paper production.U ovom je radu istražena mogućnost uporabe biljaka Rhododendron luteum i Rhododendron ponticum kao sirovine za proizvodnju celuloze i papira. Za svaki uzorak provedeno je 12 različitih ispitivanja kuhanja s natrijevim borhidridom (NaBH4), a celuloza je proizvedena kraft postupkom. Za svako ispitivanje određena su svojstva celuloze poput prinosa, kappa broja i viskoznosti, te fizička svojstva kao što su duljina lomljenja i indeks pucanja papira. Osim toga, ispitani su učinci aktivne lužine i NaBH4 na svojstva celuloze i papira. Optimalni uvjeti kuhanja postignuti su upotrebom 18 % aktivne lužine za eksperimentalno kuhanje bez NaBH4 i upotrebom 0,5 % NaBH4 i 18 % aktivne lužine za eksperimentalno kuhanje s dodatkom NaBH4. U proizvodnji celuloze iz biljke R. luteum s dodatkom NaBH4 utvrđeno je da prinos prosijavanja iznosi 43,4 %, da je kappa broj 40,1, a viskoznost 949 cm3/g, dok su vrijednosti za celulozu dobivenu iz biljke R. ponticum redom 41,9 %, 44,5 i 885 cm3/g. Prinos prosijavanja biljaka R. luteum i R. ponticum uz dodatak 5 % NaBH4 povećao se oko 2,8 % i 5,3 % u usporedbi s eksperimentalnim kuhanjem bez dodatka NaBH4. Nadalje, uz dodatak NaBH4 smanjuju se kappa brojevi, a viskoznosti se povećavaju. Fizička svojstva proizvedenih papira također se poboljšavaju dodavanjem NaBH4 tekućini za kuhanje. Iz dobivenih je rezultata utvrđeno da se biljke R. luteum i R. ponticum mogu upotrebljavati u proizvodnji celuloze i papira

Influence of blast-induced ground motion on dynamic response of masonry minaret of Yörgüç Paşa Mosque

This paper focuses on the dynamic response analysis of masonry minaret of Yörgüç Paşa Mosque subjected to artificially generated surface blast-induced ground motion by using a three-dimensional finite element model. The mosque is located in the town of Kavak of Samsun, in Turkey. This study intended to determine the ground motion acceleration values due to blast-induced ground motions (air-induced and direct-induced) calculated by a random method. In order to model blast-induced ground motion, firstly, peak acceleration and the time envelope curve function of ground motion acceleration were obtained from the distance of the explosion center and the explosion charge weight and then blast-induced acceleration time history were established by using these factors. Non-stationary random process is presented as an appropriate method to be produced by the blast-induced ground motion model. As a representative of blast-induced ground motion, the software named BlastGM (Artificial Generation of Blast-induced Ground Motion) was developed by authors to predict ground motion acceleration values. Artificial acceleration values generated from the software depend on the charge weight and distance from the center of the explosion. According to the examination of synthetically generated acceleration values, it can be concluded that the explosions cause significant effective ground movements. In the paper, three-dimensional finite element model of the minaret was designed by ANSYS. Moreover, the maximum stresses and displacements of the minaret were investigated. The results of this study indicate that the masonry minaret has been affected substantially by effects of blast-induced ground motion

Effects of factors on direct screw withdrawal resistance in medium density fiberboard and particleboard

An increase in demand on solid wood that is insufficient supply to meet in the world necessarily directed to other engineering materials that could be an alternative to the solid wood. In this context, instead of using solid wood in furniture and construction industry, wood-based panels such as medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard (PB) have become widely used as construction material. Limited research has been done in the field of fastener performance as mechanical properties with different parameters in the joints constructed with these panels. Therefore, in this study, the parameters of screw type, pilot hole, screw orientation, water treatment and adhesives were investigated in MDF and PB. The results indicated that the highest direct screw withdrawal (DSW) resistance was observed in the test blocks applied with PU and the lowest DSW resistance was in the test blocks without a pilot hole drilled in both materials. In addition, MDF in general had better DSW resistance than PB in almost all combinations of the parameters. The treatment of water into MDF and PB test blocks negatively affects the DSW resistance. The DSW resistance in the face orientation was found to be higher than the corresponding ones in the side orientation in both materials

Acute effects of different types of exercises on insulin-like growth factor-1, homocysteine and cortisol levels in veteran athletes

This study aimed to investigate acute effects of table tennis(physical+cognitive exercise), aerobic running (physical exercise), and chess (cognitive exercise) exercise sessions of veteran male athletes in their branches on the serum homocysteine (Hcy), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and cortisol (Cor) levels. Thirty veteran athletes [10 table tennis players (TT), 10 long-distance runners (LR), 10 chess players (CP)] and 10 sedentary controls (SC) between 50 and 65 years of age participated in the study. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise to determine serum Hcy, IGF-1, and Cor levels. According to their branch, each veteran athlete performed exercise sessions (70-75% of the participants' heart rate reserve) of 10-min of warm-up followed by 40-min of table tennis, aerobic running, or chess. TT and LR groups demonstrated significant increases in the serum IGF-1, Cor, and Hcy levels from pre to post-exercise (p0.05). LR group had a greater serum Cor increase than all exercise groups (p<0.05). The TT group showed significantly greater changes in serum Cor levels than the CP group (p<0.05). In conclusion, although a single bout of aerobic running and table tennis exercise induces a remarkable increase in all measured biomarkers, chess exercise only elicits an increase in Hcy levels. Although aerobic running is more effective in increasing Cor levels than other types of exercise, the current study's findings suggest that serum Hcy and IGF-1 levels in veteran male athletes are not affected by the type of exercise

Denim kumaşlarda görsel etkiler

İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ……………………………………………………………………………. i ……………………………………………………………………………… v SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………….. vi GİRİŞ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 1 - DENİM KUMAŞ………………………………………………………… 2 1.1 - DENİM KUMAŞIN TEKNİK TANIMI............................................. 2 1.2 - DENİM KUMAŞIN TARİHİ……………………………………….. 4 1.2.1 - Blucinin doğuşu “Beatnik” akımı ……………………………. 4 1.2.2 - 20.yy.daki gelişmeler ve Katmandu Yolundaki “Hippi”……… 6 1.2.3 - Savaş Vaktinden Eğlence Zamanına “Savaşın ve Barışın Üniforması Blucin”…………………………………………………… 14 1.2.3.1 – Tavrı Olan Entelektüeller “Karşı Kültürün Üniforması Blucin”………………………………………………………....... 18 1.2.4 - Türkiye’de Denimin Yeri ve Önemi………………………… 22 2 - DENİM KUMAŞIN ÜRETİMİNDEKİ AŞAMALAR…………………... 25 2.1 - HAMMADDE- ELYAF CİNSİ……………………………………... 25 2.2 - İPLİK ÖZELLİĞİ……………………………………………………. 26 2.3 – BOYAMA-İNDİGO BOYAR MADDESİ………………………….. 28 2.3.1 - Küllü İndigo’dan Blucine…………………………………….. 30 2.3.1.1- İndigo Halat Boyama…………………………………. 31 2.3.1.2- İndigo Çözgü Boyama………………………………... 32 2.3.1.3- İndigo Loop Boyama…………………………………. 34 2.4 - DOKUMA …………………………………………………………... 34 2.4.1- Haşıllama………………………………………………………. 34 2.4.1.1 - Çözgü Hazırlama……………………………………... 36 2.4.2 - Tahar……………………………………………. 36 2.4.3 - Dokuma Konstrüksiyonu……………….. 36 2.4.4 - Terbiye ve Sanfor……………………………….. 39 3 - DENİM KUMAŞIN DİKİMİ VE BİTİM İŞLEMLERİ…………………. 41 3.1 - DİKİM İŞLEMLERİ…………………………………………………. 41 3.2 - BİTİM İŞLEMLERİ…………………………………………………. 44 iii 3.2.1 - ‘Bıyık’....…………………………………………………………… 45 3.2.2 - Zımpara……………………………………………………………. 46 3.2.3 - Rodeo ( Kum Yıkama)…………………………………………...... 47 3.2.4 - Yıpranmış Görünüm………………………………………………. 48 3.2.5 - Thermo Denim……………………………………………………. 49 3.2.6 - Lazer………………………………………………………………. 50 3.2.7 - Taş yıkama………………………………………………………… 52 3.2.8 - Enzim yıkama……………………………………………………... 53 3.2.9 - Ağartma…………………………………………………………… 55 3.2.10 - Normal Yıkama…………………………………………………… 56 3.2.11 - Silikon Yıkama…………………………………………………… 57 3.2.12 - Buz Yıkama………………………………………………………. 58 3.2.13 - Kar Yıkama……………………………………………………….. 59 3.2.14 - Power Yıkama…………………………………………………….. 61 3.2.15 - ‘Moon Wash’…………………………………………………….. 62 3.2.16 - ‘Tint’……………………………………………………………... 62 3.2.17 - Süper Taş Yıkama………………………………………………... 63 3.2.18 - Ozon Yıkama……………………………………………………... 65 3.2.19 - Organik Yıkama…………………………………………………... 66 3.2.20 - File Yıkama……………………………………………………….. 67 3.2.21 - Random Yıkama………………………………………………….. 68 3.2.22 - Reçine Yıkama……………………………………………………. 69 3.2.23 - Hipo yıkama………………………………………………………. 70 4 - DÜNYA PAZARINDA DENİM………………………………………… 70 4.1 - DÜNYADA DENİM KUMAŞ KULLANIMI………………………. 70 4.1.1 - Organik Denim…………………………………………………. 71 4.1.1.1 - Organik Pamuk ………………………………………… 71 4.1.1.2 - Organik Denimin Tanımı………………………………. 72 4.1.1.3 - Organik Denim de Aranan Kriterler……………………. 72 4.1.1.3.1 - İplik İmalatında………………………………. 72 4.1.1.3.2 - Haşıllamada………………………………….. 73 4.1.1.3.3 - Örmede-Dokumada…………………………... 73 4.1.1.3.4 - Non-woven İmalatında……………………….. 73 4.1.1.3.5 - Ön Terbiye İşlemlerinde……………………… 73 4.1.1.3.6 - Boyama ve Baskılarda………………………... 73 4.1.1.3.7 - Bitim İşlemlerinde……………………………. 73 4.1.1.3.8 - Paketleme, Depolama ve Taşıma…………….. 74 4.1.1.4 - Organik Denim İmalatında Aksesuarlarla İlgili Kriterler 74 4.2 - TÜRKİYE’NİN DENİM KUMAŞ ÜRETİMİ VE TİCARETİ……… 75 4.2.1 - Denim Kumaş İhracatı………………………………………….. 75 iv 4.2.2 - Denim Kumaş İthalatı…………………………………………... 76 4.3 - DÜNYA PAZARINDA DENİM GİYSİLER………………………... 77 4.4 - DENİM GİYSİ TİCARETİNDE 2010 TAHMİNLERİ……………… 79 4.5 - TÜRKİYE’NİN DENİM GİYSİ TİCARETİ………………………… 80 4.5.1 - Denim Giysi İhracatı……………………………………………. 80 4.5.2 - Denim Giysi İthalatı…………………………………………….. 80 4.6 - EN BÜYÜK PAZAR ALMANYA’DA DURUM……………………. 81 SONUÇ……………………………………………………………………………. 83 KAYNAKÇA…………………………………………………………………....... 84 RESİM LİSTESİ…………………………………………………………………. 87 ŞEKİL LİSTESİ………………………………………………………………….. 89 SÖZLÜK………………………………………………………………………….. 90 v Denim kumaşın, tekstil sektöründeki yerinin yanısıra günümüzde “dünya modası” olarak söz edilen konumunu ve sosyolojik anlamdaki önemini gözlemlemekteyiz. 16. yy da başlayan tarihi gelişimi 18. yy ortalarında Amerika’da maden ocaklarındaki işçilerce kullanımıyla devam etmiş, 2. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrası birçok toplumsal değişimlerin yaşandığı dönemlerde sembolik anlamlar üstlenmiş ve halen kullanılarak kimlik kazandırma özelliğini sürdürmeye devam etmekte olduğuna tanık olmaktayız. Denimi tarihsel gelişimi içerisinde ele aldığımızda, zaman içinde, kullanım şekli açısından değişimi sırasında, sosyolojik anlamdaki önemini izlemekte ve toplumların yapılanmasında bir tür kimlik görevi üstlendiğini gözlemlemekteyiz. Teknolojik gelişmelerin tekstil sektörüne kazandırdığı farklı kimyasal ve fiziksel uygulamaların, denim kumaştan yapılan ürünlerde farklı görsel etkiler elde edilmesini beraberinde getirdiğini bu süreç içerisinde görmekteyiz. Denimi bu teknolojik gelişmeler içerisinde incelerken, üretilen çeşitli ürünler (bluejean gibi) ve bu ürünlere uygulanan çeşitli kimyasal ve fiziksel işlemlerin, denim kumaşta oluşturduğu görsel etkileri örnekler üzerinden irdelemek mümkündür. Küreselleşen dünyamızda, çevre duyarlılığının çok önemli olması gerektiği günümüzde bir tekstil ürünü olan denimde de benzer yaklaşımların oluşa geldiğini ve bu üretimin de organik bir yapılanma içerisinde olduğunu görmekteyiz. Bu duyarlılıkla geliştirilmeye çalışılan, organik pamuk ve organik denim üreticiliğinin standartlarına bu araştırmada kısaca değinecek, dünyada ve Türkiye’deki pazar payını, bilimsel oranları ile ele alıp, global anlamda varılan tespitleri göreceğiz. Bu araştırma, var olan örnekler üzerinden çeşitli müdahalelerle ulaşılan farklı sonuçları gözlemleyerek denimin görsel gelişimini irdelemektedir. Hüseyin Emre Birinci vi SUMMARY Besides the position held by denim in the textile sector, it is possible to observe where it stands nowadays in the “world of fashion” and its sociological importance. Its historical development dating from the 16th century and progressing until the mid-18th century when used by the mine workers of the United States, it acquired a symbolical meaning during the 2nd World War and afterwards, with the occurrence of many social changes it gained a symbolical meaning and we can witness the fact that it’s use continues to provide identity. Considered within the frame of its historical development, in time, beside changes in the way it is being used, we can follow its importance in the sociological sense and observe the undertaking of a type responsibility for the identity in the newly structured societies. Different chemical and physical applications resulting from the technological developments in the textile sector have brought about different visual effects on denim products. Analyzing denim within the scope of technological progress and on samples from the resulting end products (such as the blue jeans), it is possible to observe the visual effects obtained when chemical and physical procedures are applied. In today’s global world, at a time when one is very careful about the environment, a similar approach should be observed in a product such as denim. Production is currently undergoing an organic restructuration. In this research, we will briefly mention the producers of organic cotton and organic denim in their attempt to develop awareness on the standards of this production consider their share of the market both in Turkey and worldwide using scientific c ratios and see what can be concluded on the world scale. This research aims to realize a complete summary of the visual effects on various samples; the results obtained following various treatments and analyze the visual development of denim

Durability of Wood Treated with Propolis

WOS: 000511129100107Propolis is an important antifungal agent found naturally in beehives and used as a food supplement for many purposes. This study aimed to use methanolic propolis extract (MPE) as a treatment material as an antifungal agent for wood preservation. Scots pine and paulownia woods were exposed to Trametes versicolor and Neolentinus lepideus fungi for 12 weeks, and untreated woods were used as the controls. Compared with the control, paulownia wood exposed to N. lepideus had a 47.2% mean mass loss, while the treated wood with 7% MPE had an 11.6% mean mass loss. In addition, a 27.2% mass loss occurred with the control for Scots pine when exposed to N. lepideus, and a 2.5% mass loss occurred with the 7% propolis-treated specimens. Total phenolic content and the phenolic profile of the raw propolis samples were also analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the propolis extracts still remained in the wood cells without being degraded after the fungal destruction and the propolis-treated specimens were more durable against fungal decay compared to the untreated control specimens. The results from this study indicated that propolis could be used as an environmentally compatible and natural wood preservative to protect wood against fungal attack

Durability of Wood Treated with Propolis

Propolis is an important antifungal agent found naturally in beehives and used as a food supplement for many purposes. This study aimed to use methanolic propolis extract (MPE) as a treatment material as an antifungal agent for wood preservation. Scots pine and paulownia woods were exposed to Trametes versicolor and Neolentinus lepideus fungi for 12 weeks, and untreated woods were used as the controls. Compared with the control, paulownia wood exposed to N. lepideus had a 47.2% mean mass loss, while the treated wood with 7% MPE had an 11.6% mean mass loss. In addition, a 27.2% mass loss occurred with the control for Scots pine when exposed to N. lepideus, and a 2.5% mass loss occurred with the 7% propolis-treated specimens. Total phenolic content and the phenolic profile of the raw propolis samples were also analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the propolis extracts still remained in the wood cells without being degraded after the fungal destruction and the propolis-treated specimens were more durable against fungal decay compared to the untreated control specimens. The results from this study indicated that propolis could be used as an environmentally compatible and natural wood preservative to protect wood against fungal attack.WOS:0005111291001072-s2.0-8508466517

Effect of Freeze–Thaw Cycling on the Screw Direct Withdrawal Resistance of Beech, Ozigo, and Okoume Plywoods

Wood has been used in the construction, furniture, and automotive industries since ancient times. In areas where wood material is used, it is combined with various fasteners. The durability of the products produced using wooden materials depends on the performance of the fasteners. Since wood is a hygroscopic and biodegradable material, various changes occur in its structure when exposed to external weather conditions. Wood materials used especially in the field of construction and urban furniture are exposed to effects such as extreme temperatures, freezing, moisture, or drying depending on the seasons. In this study, the effect of the freeze–thaw cycling (FTC) process on screw direct withdrawal resistance (SDWR) of plywood produced from beech, ozigo, and okoume species was investigated. In this context, the effects of screwing time (before or after), screw orientation (face or edge), the number of cycles (0 to 7) in the FTC process, and plywood type parameters on SDWR were investigated. As a result of the tests, when the mean SDWR values were examined according to the plywood type, the highest values were obtained in beech, ozigo, and okoume plywood, respectively. Considering the screwing time parameter, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean SDWR values in other plywood types except beech plywood (p < 0.05). When the screw orientation parameter was examined, screwing in the face direction gave better results than screwing in the edge direction in all plywood types. There was a decrease in the mean SDWR values that was inversely proportional to the increase in the number of cycles in FTC-treated plywood