Substratos de crescimento e produção de mudas de figo

Pest attack, disease and soil fatigue have always been a great problem in fig (Ficus carica L.) nursery tree production, especially when traditional methods that use soil culture are applied. Therefore, as an alternative method, substrate culture could be a sustainable and favorable propagation method for growing healthy nursery fig trees of high quality. No information is available on substrate use and its effect on nursery fig tree production. The present study was aimed to define a favorable substrate to cultivate nursery fig trees in substrate culture, and to examine the effects of substrates on morphological and biochemical characteristics of the fig trees by growing plants in a high-tunnel. Fig cv. "Sarilop" (Calimyrna) cuttings were used in this trial as plant material. Three growth media based on perlite (100%), peat (50%) + perlite (50%), and fine sawdust (100%) were tested using soil as a control. Plants were grown in trough culture from the day of planting cuttings up to the uproot point of fig nursery trees, during eight months, and they were not transplanted into another medium during the growing period. To observe the effect of substrates on the nursery fig trees, some morphological and biochemical characteristics were determined. The use of peat + perlite and perlite led to increased plant growth and quality of fig nursery trees grown in high-tunnel.O ataque de pragas e de doenças e o esgotamento do solo sempre foram grandes problemas na produçào de mudas de figo (Ficus carica L) em estufa, especialmente quando são empregados métodos tradicionais que usam solo como substrato. Por isso o uso de substratos sem solo poderia ser alternativa favorável para obtenção de mudas saudáveis de alta qualidade. Não há informação sobre o uso de substratos e seu efeito sobre a produção de mudas em estufa. No presente estudo procurou-se definir um substrato adequado para obtenção de mudas de figo e examinar os efeitos de substratos sobre características morfológicas e bioquímicas de mudas desenvolvidas em estufa tipo túnel alto. Ramas dos cultivares de figo cv. "Sarilop" (Calimyrna) foram utilizadas em três meios de cultura: perlite (100%), turfa (50%) + perlite (50%), e pó de serra fino (100%) tendo o solo como testemunha. O experimento foi desenvolvido em calhas e se estendeu desde o plantio das ramas até o ponto "uproot", por oito meses, não tendo as mudas sido transplantadas para outro meio durante a fase experimental. Para observar o efeito dos substratos sobre as plantas, algumas características morfológicas e bioquímicas foram avaliadas. O uso de turfa + perlite e de perlite como substrato em estufa tipo túnel alto aumentou o crescimento das plantas e melhorou sua qualidade

Effects of hardwood cuttings in different length and diameter on the growth performance of 'bursa siyahı' fig nursery trees

Bu çalısma, Bursa Siyahı incir çesidinde fidan üretiminde, farklı boy ve çapta çelik materyali kullanımının, fidan gelisim performansı ve kalitesi üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüstür. Tepe gözlü olarak alınan odun çelikleri; öncelikle 12-13 cm, 17-18 cm ve 21-23 cm uzunlugunda olacak sekilde üç boy grubuna ayrılmıstır. Her boy grubu ise, kendi arasında 8-11 mm ve 11-14 mm çapında olmak üzere iki sınıfa ayrılmıstır. Fidanların yetistirilmesi amacıyla, ortam olarak 1:1 torf perlit karısımının yer aldıgı “yatak kültürü” sistemi kullanılmıstır. Vejetasyon dönemi sonunda fidanlarda yapılan ölçümler sonucu; sürgün uzunlugu (175.467 cm), sürgün çapı (17.203 mm), bogumarası uzunluk (5.020 cm), kök uzunlugu (59.233 cm) ve kök sayısı (11.757 adet) kriterleri açısından en yüksek degerlerin 8-11 mm çap ve 12-13 cm boya sahip çeliklerden elde edildigi saptanmıstır.This study was conducted to determine the effects of using different length and diameter of hardwood cuttings on the developmental performance and quality of nursery tree production in 'Bursa Siyahı' fig cultivar. Cuttings containing an apical bud were separated in three different length categories: 12-13 cm, 17-18 cm, and 21-23 cm in length. Each length category was divided to two different diameter classes: 8-11 mm and 11-14 mm in diameter. “Trough culture” system was used mixture of peat and perlite (1:1) as growing medium. At the measurements conducted at the end of the vegetation period, the highest values of shoot length (175.467 cm), shoot diameter (17.203 mm), internodium length (5.020 cm), root length (59.233 cm), and root number (11.757) were obtained from the cuttings of 12-13cmin length and 8-11mmin diameter

İmportance of fig production and economic analysis of dried fig production farming in Aydın province

Kuru incir, Türkiye'nin geleneksel ihraç ürünleri arasında ilk sıralarda bulunmaktadır. Dünya kuru incir üretiminin dörtte birini ve kuru incir dıs ticaretinin yarıdan fazlasını Türkiye karsılamaktadır. Türkiye kuru incir üretiminin önemli bir bölümünüAydın ili saglamaktadır. Bu çalısmada, Türkiye veAydın için incirin önemi ortaya konduktan sonra,Aydın ilinde kuru incir üreticilerinin durumu, üretim faaliyetlerinden elde ettikleri brüt üretim degerleri, degisken masrafları ve brüt marj degerleri belirlenmistir. Ayrıca tüketici saglıgını korumayı ve yüksek düzeyde gıda güvenligini ön plana çıkaran Avrupa Birligi gıda politikası çerçevesindeAydın ili incir üreticilerinin durumu ortaya konmaya çalısılmıstır. Aydın ili kurutmalık incir plantasyonlarında ortalama incir arazisi genisligi 32.33 daa, ortalama parsel sayısı ve büyüklügü sırasıyla 4.19 adet ve 7.37 daa olarak belirlenmistir. Genel olarak degisken masrafların %34.60'ını hasat, %28.31'ini toprak isleme,%11.84'ünü ilek ve ilekleme masrafları olusturmaktadır. Kuru incir ihracatının %70-75'iAvrupa Birligi ülkelerine yapılmaktadır. Bu ülkelere ihracatın sürdürülebilirligi ve alternatif pazarların olusturulması açısından, üreticiden tüketiciye kadar olan asamalarda uluslararası standartlara uygun olarak temizlik ve hijyen kosullarına dikkat edilmelidir.Dried fig is first degrees among Turkey's traditional export products. Turkey is produced a quarter of dried fig production and a half od dried fig foreign trade in the world. By the wayAydın province is provided main part of Turkey's dried fig production. In this study, after establishing importance od fig subsector for agricultural economy ofAydın and Turkey,. it had been determined that how is present state od dried fig farmers and gross production values, variable expenses and gross margin values of which is obtained by dried fig farmers from the fig production activities. In addition, it could be determined to present state of fig producers in Aydın province by framework European Union food policies which is considered protection of consumer health and high levels food safety. It had been determined that average fig orchard acreage, average plots number and acreage are 3.233 ha (32.33 daa), 4.19 and 0.737 ha (7.37 daa) in dried fig fig plantations inAydın province. In general, it was determined that harvest, soil plowing, caprifig and caprifigation expenses were consisted of 34.60%, 28.31%, 11.84% of total variable expenses, respectively. 70-75% of total fig exportation is carried out to European Union countries. It should be maintened by good and farming conditions with harmonious international sanitation starndarts from producer to consumer by framework of maintaining sustainable export to those countries and consisting of alternative markets

The effect of using olive oil vegetation water on some physical and chemical characteristics of soil and nutrient element contents of fig (Ficus carica L. cv. Sarilop) leaves

In that project, it has been aimed to determine method of using that olive oil vegetation water as on organic manure in dried fig production and to obtain positive solution for environmental pollution. Fig and olive are important agricultural products in Aydin province. It has been accepted that reducing of crop nutritient quantities in agricultural lands is caused negative effect on dried fig product quality and yield. The oil vegetation water which is occurred in olive oil factory is caused very serious environment pollution. That project will be carried out in 2006-2012 years. The study is conducted in a farmer orchard which has 80 ‘Sarilop’ dried fig trees, located in Isafakilar village, Incirliova, Turkey. This experiment was designed in respect of randomized blocks with four replications and each replication was consisted of two trees. Totally five applications are on the carpet, those olive oil vegetation water applications include control, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg/per tree, respectively. In addition, there are two groups that determined implementing olive oil vegetation waters in every year and every two years (implementing one year and no implementing one year). According to 2006-2007 periods results; it has been defined that olive oil vegetation water applications are composed some dissimilarities on some physical and chemical properties in the soil. However, similar variations weren’t seen on leaf analysis

Growth substrates and fig nursery tree production Substratos de crescimento e produção de mudas de figo

Pest attack, disease and soil fatigue have always been a great problem in fig (Ficus carica L.) nursery tree production, especially when traditional methods that use soil culture are applied. Therefore, as an alternative method, substrate culture could be a sustainable and favorable propagation method for growing healthy nursery fig trees of high quality. No information is available on substrate use and its effect on nursery fig tree production. The present study was aimed to define a favorable substrate to cultivate nursery fig trees in substrate culture, and to examine the effects of substrates on morphological and biochemical characteristics of the fig trees by growing plants in a high-tunnel. Fig cv. "Sarilop" (Calimyrna) cuttings were used in this trial as plant material. Three growth media based on perlite (100%), peat (50%) + perlite (50%), and fine sawdust (100%) were tested using soil as a control. Plants were grown in trough culture from the day of planting cuttings up to the uproot point of fig nursery trees, during eight months, and they were not transplanted into another medium during the growing period. To observe the effect of substrates on the nursery fig trees, some morphological and biochemical characteristics were determined. The use of peat + perlite and perlite led to increased plant growth and quality of fig nursery trees grown in high-tunnel.O ataque de pragas e de doenças e o esgotamento do solo sempre foram grandes problemas na produçào de mudas de figo (Ficus carica L) em estufa, especialmente quando são empregados métodos tradicionais que usam solo como substrato. Por isso o uso de substratos sem solo poderia ser alternativa favorável para obtenção de mudas saudáveis de alta qualidade. Não há informação sobre o uso de substratos e seu efeito sobre a produção de mudas em estufa. No presente estudo procurou-se definir um substrato adequado para obtenção de mudas de figo e examinar os efeitos de substratos sobre características morfológicas e bioquímicas de mudas desenvolvidas em estufa tipo túnel alto. Ramas dos cultivares de figo cv. "Sarilop" (Calimyrna) foram utilizadas em três meios de cultura: perlite (100%), turfa (50%) + perlite (50%), e pó de serra fino (100%) tendo o solo como testemunha. O experimento foi desenvolvido em calhas e se estendeu desde o plantio das ramas até o ponto "uproot", por oito meses, não tendo as mudas sido transplantadas para outro meio durante a fase experimental. Para observar o efeito dos substratos sobre as plantas, algumas características morfológicas e bioquímicas foram avaliadas. O uso de turfa + perlite e de perlite como substrato em estufa tipo túnel alto aumentou o crescimento das plantas e melhorou sua qualidade

Synthesis of new hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives from2-ethyl/phenyl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-(2H)-dion

A new and appropriate synthesis for hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives has been developedstarting from 3-sulfolene. The epoxidation of 2-ethyl/phenyl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-(2H)-dione and thenthe opening of the epoxide with nucleophiles gave hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives. Amino and triazolederivatives of hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione were synthesized from the formed product by the opening reactionof the epoxide with sodium azide. Hydroxyl analogues were obtained from cis-hydroxylation of 2-ethyl/phenyl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-(2H)-dione. The hydroxyl groups were converted to acetate

Albino farelerde benzenin böbrek ve karaciğer dokularında toksisitesine karşıüzüm çekirdeği ekstraktının etkisi: biyokimyasal değerlendirme

Bu çalışmanın amacı albino farelerde benzen tarafından oluşturulan toksisitesiye karşı üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktının muhtemel etkisini araştırmaktır.Metod: Her bir grupta 6 fare olmak üzere uygulama grupları oluşturulmuştur. Grup I, oral yolla distile su ile; Grup II, oral yolla 50 mg/kg GSE; Grup III, 150 mg/kg GSE; Grup IV, oral yolla kanula kullanılarak 250 mg/kg benzen; Grup V, 50 mg/kg GSE 250 mg/kg benzen; Grup VI, 150 mg/kg GSE 250 mg/kg benzen ile 50 gün süre ile beslenmişlerdir. Deney sürelerinin sonunda otopsi yoluyla farelerin kan, karaciğer ve böbrek dokuları alınmıştır. Aspartat aminotransferaz (AST), Alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), Alkalen fosfataz (ALP), kan üre azotu (BUN), kreatinin düzeyleri kan dokudan, malondialdehit (MDA), redükte glutatyon (GSH) ise karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında histopatolojik değişimler de araştırılmıştır.Bulgular: Benzen uygulanan farelerde serum AST, ALT, ALP BUN ve kreatinin seviyelerinde kontrol grubuna kıyasla düşük düzeyde artış belirlenmiştir. Benzen tarafından oluşturulan oksidatif toksisitenin karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında GSH seviyesinde önemli bir azalmaya ve MDA seviyesinde önemli bir artışa neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktı uygulamasının benzen tarafından oluşturulan hepatotoksisite, nefrotoksisite ve lipid peroksidasyonunda önemli gerilemeye neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktının test edilen iki dozunun benzen tarafından oluşturulan toksisite üzerine pozitif etkisi olduğu belirlenmiş ve en güçlü etkiyi 150 mg/kg dozunda gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.Sonuç: Sonuç olarak GSE'nin benzen toksisitesine karşı pozitif etkisi olduğu ve bu etkinin doza bağımlı olduğu belirlenmiştirThe objective of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of grape seed extract (GSE) against benzene-induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice.Methods: The animals were randomly divided into six groups each containing six mice. Group I, treated with distilled water; Group II and III orally treated with 50 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg body weight GSE, respectively. Group IV, orally treated with 250 mg/kg body weight benzene by using feeding cannula; Group V, orally treated with 50 mg/kg body weight GSE 250 mg/kg body weight benzene; Group VI, orally treated with 150 mg/kg body weight GSE 250 mg/kg of body weight benzene for 50 consecutive days. At the end of experimental period all mice were sacrificed; blood, liver and kidney tissues were removed after post-mortem examination. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels were analyzed from serum. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were analyzed from isolated tissues. And also histopathological examinations of liver and kidney tissues were investigated.Results: Serum AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine levels were slightly increased in Group IV compared with the other tested groups (p<.05). Benzene-induced toxicity caused a significant decrease in GSH levels and a significant rise in MDA levels of liver and kidney tissues. Oral treatment with GSE significantly ameliorated the indices of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and lipid peroxidation induced by benzene. Both doses of GSE provided significant protection and the strongest effects were observed at the dose level of 150 mg/kg.Conclusion: Consequently, it was found that GSE has a significant positive effect in benzeneinduced toxicity, and its GSE effect is dose dependen