PENGARUH AMPAS SAGU DAN KOMPOS TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS LADA PERDU

ABSTRAKAmpas sagu berpotensi sebagai sumber bahan organik untukmeningkatkan kesuburan tanah. Pengaruh ampas sagu terhadap kesuburantanah ditentukan oleh tingkat dekomposisi dan komposisinya. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat dekomposisi ampas sagu terhadappertumbuhan dan produksi lada perdu. Penelitian dilaksanakan di KebunPercobaan Institut Pertanian Bogor dan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempahdan Obat pada bulan Mei 2003 sampai April 2004. Tanaman yangdigunakan adalah tanaman lada perdu umur 4 tahun yang ditanam dibawah tanaman karet. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok(RAK), dengan 3 ulangan dan 6 tan/perlakuan yang menguji perlakuankombinasi antara tingkat dekomposisi ampas sagu(W) dan komposisinyadengan kompos (A), terdiri dari : W 0 = ampas sagu dekomposisi 0 bulan,W 1 = ampas sagu dekomposisi 1 bulan, dan W 2 = ampas sagu dekomposisi2 bulan dan A 1 = 100% ampas sagu, A 2 = 75% ampas sagu + 25% kompos,A 3 = 50% ampas sagu + 50% kompos dan A 4 = 25% ampas sagu + 75%kompos. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan mulsa ampassagu 100 % dalam bentuk segar dekomposisi 1 bulan ternyata menghambatpertambahan jumlah cabang tersier lada perdu hingga akhir penelitian.Dibandingkan dengan kontrol terjadi perbedaan pengaruh yang nyataterhadap komponen produksi, sebagai respon terhadap kombinasiperlakuanW 2 A 2 , W 2 A 1, W 1 A 3 pada panjang tandan (9,13; 9,03; 8,70 cm),dan W 2 A 2 , W 2 A 1, W 0 A 4 pada jumlah biji/tandan (46,67; 43,00; 41,73biji/tandan), serta W 2 A 2 , W 2 A 1, W 2 A 3 pada bobot kering buahlada/tanaman (323,20; 314,90; 297,85 g/tanaman). Pemberian ampas sagu75% + 25% kompos (W 2 A 2 ) dan 100% (W 2 A 1 ) dekomposisi 2 bulanmampu meningkatkan jumlah biji 91 - 107% dan menghasilkan bobotkering buah yang tinggi sebesar 323,20 dan 314,90 g per tanaman.Kata kunci: Ampas sagu, mulsa, lada perdu, produktivitasABSTRACTUse of Sago Waste and Compost to Increase theProductivity of Bushy Black PepperAs a source of organic matter to improve soil fertility, sago wastecan also be used as an ameliorant and natural herbicide. The effect of sagoand compost on soil fertility is determined by the grade of decompositionand its compositions. An experiment was conducted at the experimentalgarden of Bogor Agricultural University Bogor and Indonesian Medicinaland Aromatic Crops Research Institute, from May 2003 to April 2004.Plant material used was bushy black pepper of the Petaling variety, 4 yearsold, planted under rubber trees. The treatments used were A 1 W 0 = 100%sago waste without decomposition; A 1 W 1 = 100% sago waste after 1month decomposition; A 1 W 2 = 100% sago waste after 2 monthsdecomposition; A 2 W 0 = 75% sago waste + 25% compost, withoutdecomposition; A 2 W 1 = 75% sago waste + 25% compost, after 1 monthdecomposition; A 2 W 2 = 75% sago waste + 25% compost, after 2 monthsdecomposition; A 3 W 0 = 50% sago waste + 50% compost, withoutdecomposition; A 3 W 1 = 50% sago waste + 50% compost, after 1 monthdecomposition; A 3 W 2 = 50% sago waste + 50% compost, after 2 monthsdecomposition; A 4 W 0 = 25% sago waste + 75% compost, withoutdecomposition; A 4 W 1 = 25% sago waste + 75% compost, after 1 monthdecomposition; A 4 W 2 = 25% sago waste + 75% compost, after 2 monthsdecomposition; TBO = without organic matter (control). The experimentwas performed with a randomized block design, with 3 replicates and 6plants/plot. The results showed, that 100% sago palm waste after 1 monthdecomposition hampered number of tertiary branch until the end ofresearch. The real difference on the productivity components as a respondof combination sago waste treatments wereW 2 A 2 , W 2 A 1, W 1 A 3 for lengthof stem (9.13; 9.03; 8.70 cm), and W 2 A 2 , W 2 A 1, W 0 A 4 for number ofberries/spike (46.67; 43.00; 41.73 kernels/spike), and W 2 A 2 , W 2 A 1, W 2 A 3for dry weight of berries/plant (323.20; 314.90; 297.85 g/plant).Extension of 75% sago palm waste+ 25% compost (W 2 A 2 ) and 100%(W 2 A 1 ) after 2 months decomposition were able to increase amount ofseed 91 - 107 % and dry weight of berries /plant which were323.20 and314.90 g per plant.Key words: Sago waste, mulch, bushy pepper black, productivit

Optimizing Sago Land Utilization by Intercropping with Eggplants, A Study at Tanjung Peranap Village, Meranti Island, Riau, Indonesia

 Sago palms are the main food crops in eastern part  of Indonesia. Sago productivity can reach 20 to 40 per ha per year, and the trees can be harvested when they are 10 years of age. Due to long duration before harvesting it is important that sago growers could grow annual food crops. The objective of study is to determine the growth of sago palm intercropped with eggplants, and how intercropping aff ects each crop grown as monoculture. The study was carried out from March to July 2018 at Tanjung Peranap Village, Meranti Island District, Riau Province, Indonesia. The experiment was organized in a completely randomized block design with two replications, with sago palm and eggplant as monoculture and as inter cropping. The results demonstrated that young sago palm did not suppress eggplant growth and vice versa. Therefore, eggplants can be planted between young sago palms

PENGGUNAAN SELASIH DALAM PENGENDALIAN HAMA LALAT BUAH PADA MANGGA

ABSTRAKPenelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Sumedang pada bulan Januarihingga April 2009 dengan tujuan untuk menggali kearifan lokalpenggunaan selasih dalam pengendalian hama lalat buah. Sumedangmerupakan sentra produksi mangga, sehingga menjadi sumber matapencaharian utama bagi beberapa petani. Lalat buah merupakan hamautama pada komoditas mangga di Sumedang yang mengakibatkankerugian berupa kuantitas dengan rontoknya buah-buahan yang terserangdan berupa kualitas, yaitu busuknya mangga yang terserang. Penelitiandirancang dalam acak kelompok, empat perlakuan dan enam ulangan.Perlakuan terdiri dari pestisida nabati formula petani berupa (1) air sulingselasih, (2) minyak selasih petani, (3) minyak selasih yang diproses diBalittro, (4) atraktan lalat buah yang sudah dikomersialkan (pembanding).Semua formula diteteskan sebanyak 0,25 ml pada gumpalan kapas, kecualiair suling selasih dengan cara mencelupkan kapas ke dalam air sulingnya,kemudian ditempatkan di dalam botol perangkap yang terbuat dari botolminuman air mineral volume 600 ml dan digantungkan pada pohonmangga setinggi 2 m di atas permukaan tanah yang ditempatkan secaraacak. Penempatan perangkap dilakukan pada enam blok kebun yangterpisah dan merupakan ulangan. Aplikasi formula hanya dilakukan satukali, untuk melihat daya tahan masing-masing formula dalam me-merangkap lalat buah di lapangan. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap mingguterhadap jumlah, jenis dan kelamin lalat buah yang terperangkap sertakandungan bahan aktif pada masing-masing formula dengan menggunakanGas Kromatografi. Aspek sosial ekonomi dilakukan terhadap 30 orangpetani yang diambil secara acak, termasuk pedagang buah dengan carawawancara melalui kuesioner yang telah dipersiapkan. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pestisida selasih sebagai atraktan untukmengendalikan hama lalat buah, dapat menurunkan penggunaan pestisidasebanyak 62%, menurunkan tingkat kerusakan buah-buahan sebesar 34%dan meningkatkan hasil sebesar 73%. Air suling selasih dengan kandunganmetil eugenol sebesar 0,46% mampu memerangkap hama lalat buahselama satu minggu, setelah itu perlu aplikasi ulang pada setiapminggunya, sedangkan minyak selasih hasil petani dengan kandunganmetil eugenol sebesar 77,9% mampu memerangkap hama lalat buahselama satu bulan, setara dengan minyak selasih yang diproses di Balittrodengan kandungan metil eugenol sebesar 73,6% dan lebih baik daripadaatraktan lalat buah komersial yang mengandung metil eugenol sebesar75%. Lalat buah yang terperangkap didominasi oleh spesies Bactroceradorsalis (97%) dan sisanya adalah Bactrocera umbrosus (3%) sertadidominasi oleh lalat buah berkelamin jantan.Kata kunci : Ocimum minimum, Bactrocera dorsalis, Mangifera indicaABSTRACTUsing Ocimum spp. on controlling fruit flies on mangoThe objective of the research is to digest indigenous technology(local wisdom) of using botanical pesticide in controlling fruit flies.Research was conducted by evaluating the effectiveness of farmerstechnology (indigenous knowledge) in formulating botanical pesticide forcontrolling fruit flies (fruit flies attractant), compared to fruit fliesattractant formulated in the laboratory of Indonesian Medicinal andAromatic Research Institute (IMACRI) and commercial fruit fliesattractant. Research was arranged by randomized block design, fourtreatments and six replications. Treatments consist of (1) farmerstechnology, i.e. distilled water of basil (Ocimum spp.), (2) farmerstechnology, i.e. essential oil of basil (Ocimum spp.), (3) essential oil ofbasil formulated in IMACRI and (4) commercial attractant. Each formulawas dropped as much as 0.25 ml on cotton bud, except distilled water ofbasil which is applied by dipping the cotton bud into the distilled water,placing it in the trap made from 600 ml volume drinking water, thenhanging it as high as 2 m on the mango tree. Dropping of formula wasdone just one time to evaluate the duration of attractant on trapping fruitflies in the field. Observations were done every week on the number,species, sex ratio of fruit flies trapped, and the duration of attractant abilityon trapping fruit flies in the field. The active ingredient of formula wasanalyzed by Gas Chromatograph conducted in IMACRI. The social andeconomy aspects were done by interviewing the farmers throughquestionnaires. The number of the farmers interviewed were 30 farmers,including the trader of mango. Result showed that indigenous technologyof the farmer was effective and efficient since it can decrease the use ofpesticide as much as 62% and decrease fruit damage as much as 34% andincrease their income as much as 73%. Technology of farmers in the formof distilled water of basil could stand as long as a week on trapping fruitflies, hence its application must be repeated every week. Meanwhile in theform of essential oil could stand for one month and is not significantlydifferent with attractant formulated in IMACRI, even better thancommercial attractant, hence its application can be done every month.Only male fruit flies can be trapped and most of them consist ofBactrocera dorsalis species (97%) and the rest is Bactrocera umbrosusspecies (3%). The active ingredient content (Methyl eugenol – C 12  H 24 O 2 )in the distilled water of basil is 0.43%. Meanwhile in essential oil of thefarmer is 77.9% and in essential oil of IMACRI is 73.6% and incommercial attractant is 75%.Key words : Ocimum minimum, Bactrocera dorsalis, Mangifera indic

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SAGU SEBAGAI PENGENDALIAN GULMA PADA LADA PERDU

ABSTRAKLimbah sagu di samping dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber bahanorganik juga potensial digunakan sebagai amelioran dan herbisida nabati.Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh limbah sagu dan carapenyiangan gulma terhadap populasi gulma dan pertumbuhan ladaperdu. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan (KP) Institut PertanianBogor (IPB) dan Laboratorium Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat danAromatik Balittro) dari bulan Mei 2003 sampai April 2004. Penelitianmenggunakan rancangan petak terbagi yang disusun secara faktorial. Carapenyiangan gulma (S) sebagai petak utama dan komposisi limbah sagu(L) sebagai anak petak. Susunan perlakuan sebagai berikut: S 1  =penyiangan bersih dan S 2 = penyiangan terbatas. Komposisi limbahsagu terdiri dari L 0 = tanpa bahan organik; L 1 = 100% limbah sagu, L 2= 100% limbah sagu, dekomposisi 1 bulan, L 3 = 100% limbah sagudekomposisi 2 bulan; L 4 = 75% limbah sagu + 25% kompos; L 5  = 75%limbah sagu + 25% kompos, dekomposisi 1 bulan; L 6 = 75% limbahsagu + 25% kompos, dekomposisi 2 bulan; L 7 = 50% limbah sagu +50% kompos; L 8 = 50% limbah sagu + 50% kompos, dekomposisi 1bulan; L 9 = 50% limbah sagu + 50% kompos, dekomposisi 2 bulan;L 10 = 25% limbah sagu + 75% kompos; L 11 = 25% limbah sagu + 75%kompos, dekomposisi 1 bulan; dan L 12 = 25% limbah sagu + 75%kompos, dekomposisi 2 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwakandungan limbah sagu 75% limbah sagu + 25% kompos dekomposisi2 bulan meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas lada perdu.Limbah sagu dengan 100% dalam bentuk segar dan dekomposisisampai 2 bulan efektif dalam menekan populasi gulma.Kata kunci: Limbah sagu, gulma, lada perduABSTRACTThe use of sago palm waste in controlling weed ondwarf pepperSago palm waste can be used as a source of organic matter;in addition, it can also be used as ameliorant and naturalherbicide. The objective of the research was to find out theeffect of sago palm waste and weeding method on the growth ofdwarf pepper and weed population. The research was conductedat the experimental garden of the Bogor Agriculture Institute andthe Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institutefrom May 2003 to April 2004. The research was arrangedfactorially in split-plot design. The main plot was weedingmethods (S) and a composition of sago palm waste (L) as the subplot. The treatments were as follows: S 1 = clean weeding and S 2= limited weeding. The composition of sago waste were Lo =non organic matter; L 1 = 100% sago waste; L 2 = 100% sagowaste of one month decomposition; L 3 = 100% sago waste of twomonths decomposition ; L 4 = 75% sago waste + 25% compost; L 5= 75% sago waste + 25% compost of one month decomposition;L 6 = 75% sago waste + 25% compost of two monthsdecomposition; L 7 = 50% sago waste + 50% compost; L 8 = 50%sago waste 50% compost of one month decomposition; L 9 = 50%sago waste + 50% compost of 2 months decomposition; L 10 =25% sago waste + 75% compost’ L 11 = 25% sago waste + 75%compost of one month decomposition; and L 12 = 25% sago waste+ 75% compost of two months decomposition. The result showedthat the composition of 75% sago waste + 25% compost of twomonths decomposition increase the growth and productivity ofdwarf pepper. The fresh (75 - 100%) sago palm waste of onemonth  decomposition  was  effective  in  decreasing  weedpopulation.Key words : Sago palm waste, weed, bushy black peppe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

PENGHAMBATAN JUMLAH ANAKAN TERPANGKAS SAGU (Metroxylon sago Rottb) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MULSA DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN ANAKAN TERPELIHARA

dilakukan untuk menjawab apakah pemberian mulsa dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jumlah anakan sagu (Metroxylon sago Rottb).  Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan enam ulangan. Perlakuan adalah tanpa mulsa, pemulsaan dengan tebal 30 cm, dan pemulsaan dengan tebal 60 cm.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian mulsa mempengaruhi jumlah anakan, jumlah daun anakan terpangkas, tinggi anakan terpangkas, tetapi tidak mempengaruhi jumlah daun dan ukuran daun anakan terpelihara.  Pemberian mulsa dengan tebal 60 cm menurunkan jumlah anakan sebesar 73.7% dibandingkan dengan control (tanpa pemberian mulsa) pada dua minggu setelah pemberian mulsa.  Pemberian mulsa dengan tebal 60 cm juga menurunkan jumlah daun anakan terpangkas sebesar 51%, 28% dan 19% masing-masing pada dua, empat dan enam minggu setelah pemberian mulsa.  Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pemberian mulsa dengan tebal 60 cm dapat menghambat jumlah anakan terpangkas dari tanaman sag

Effectivitas of Pitcher Fertigation System on Bushes Pepper Crops

The successful application of pither irrigation system has motivated to investigate the pitcher as a fertigation system. The experiment was conducted at Leuwikopo Experiment Station, Agricultural Engineering Departement, Bogor Agricultural University. The main objective of this study is to study the effectiveness of pitcher fertigation system on bushes pepper crops. The result shows that the pitcher wall is capable to release NPK solution. Diffusion rate of fertilizer solution was measured as affected by the concentration inside and outside of the pitcher. The soil moisture distribution in the soil is sufficient to transport the solution available for crops development. Concentration of Phosphate (P) and Potassium (K) decrease laterally and the Nitrogen (N) tends to accumulate homogeneosly in moist part around the pitcher

Mekanisme dan Torsi Pengepresan Tunggul Tebu menggunakan Pisau Bajak Piring yang diputar

Cutting of sugar cane stubble is one of important activities in sugar cane agriculture system. Problems on labor and low quality of cutting have not been solved by manual cutting system. In addition, a kind of farm machinery, which work in rotating ways did not give a good result in doing the cutting of sugar cane stubble. Due to low quality of cutting and broken sugar cane stubble, it is not used any more. The problem of broken sugar cane stubble in mechanical cutting system should be solved by changing the system of cutting mechanism, prefering impact cutting to chips forming. The goal of the study is to analyze the mechanism of cutting on sugar cane stubble by using rotating disk plow and to develop a mathematical model in order to determine cutting force of sugar cane stubble. Method of analyzing on movement of node on edge is used to discribe a curve of edge movement. A mathematical model of cutting force was developed base on instant cutting area which was calculated using Simpson method, numerical integration system. Equations resulted from this study can be applied to simulate the movement of edge using input parameters, mainly: tilt angle, disk angle, angular velocity,linier velocity. Variety of PA 198 has the higher specific cutting resistance per area of cutting than the other varieties. The mathematical model developed can be used to determine the cutting force with a good result

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990�2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings: Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95 uncertainty interval 1·13�1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11�7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5 26·5�28·5 reduction) and females (37·7% 35·4�39·9 reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98�1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16�8·20) deaths and 200 million (185�214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% 19·3�21·1 of male deaths). 6·68 million 86·9% of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation: In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens