Design and performances of modern jet engines for fighter aircraft

Završni rad je napravljen na način da se preko kratkog povijesnog pregleda uvede u način konstrukcije i performanse modernih mlaznih motora za borbene zrakoplove. Prikazani su i detaljno obrađeni glavni dijelovi i sustavi unutar mlaznog motora zajedno sa najvažnijim karakteristikama i načinima primjene. Performanse mlaznih motora dane su u obliku najvažnijih pokazatelja i objašnjeni pripadajućim formulama. Također, prikazani su i najmoderniji mlazni motori današnje generacije s primijenjenim tehnologijama iz prethodnih poglavlja. Na kraju završnog rada dana su predviđanja za moguće buduće sustave i konstrukcijska rješenja koji bi omogućili bolje performanse i sigurnost.This paper role is made so trough a short history review, the construction and performances of modern jet engines for fighter aircraft, are introduced. The main parts and system along with the main characteristics and methods of use inside of a jet engine are also shown. The performances of jet engines are explained trough their main indicators and belonging formulas. Also, in this paper, the most modern jet engines of this generation are shown and are associated with technologies that were mentioned in previous chapters. At the end of the paper, predictions for the systems that could be used in future are shown along with construction solutions that would enable better performances and safety

Creating prerequisites for successful scaling of startup company

Startup je poseban oblik mladog poduzeća koji najčešće djeluje u tehnološkim industrijama, obilježava ga velika razina inovativnosti i agilnosti u rastu. Ovaj oblik poduzeća se razvio pojavom tehnološke revolucije u području silicijske doline, a pojavom interneta je doživio veliki rast te je danas jako popularan način izgradnje disruptivne tvrtke. Kao odgovor na takozvanu dot-com krizu u svijetu startupa su se razvile razne metodologije poput Customer developmenta, Lean startupa i Lean Canvasa koje za cilj imaju umanjiti rizike pokretanja startupa uz istovremeno povećanje agilnosti. Ove su se metodologije pokazale jako efikasnima u pokretanju startupa pa je sada glavni problem u životnom ciklusu startupa njegovo uspješno skaliranje. Skaliranje je proces u kojem raste broj korisnika startupovog proizvoda ili usluge ali i čitava startup organizacija. On je također jako rizičan te većina startupa upravo u toj fazi dožive propast. Kako bi startupi uspjeli uspješno skalirati potrebno je ispuniti određene preduvjete. Startup ekosistem je osnovni preduvjet uspješnog rasta startupa te je on nužna potpora svakom startupu u vidu pristupa kapitalu, radnoj snazi, znanju i stabilnom tržištu. Internacionalizacija predstavlja cilj većine startupa ali sa sobom donosi i velike rizike te joj je stoga nužno pristupat metodično i uz veliku pripremu. Finalni preduvjet uspješnog skaliranja je definiranje poslovnog modela startupa te nužnih mjerila uspješnosti unutar tog modela. Startupi koji se nalaze unutar zdravog ekosistema, pažljivo pristupaju internacionalizaciji te se fokusiraju na najbitnija mjerila unutar odabranog poslovnog modela imaju veće šanse za uspješno skaliranje.A startup is a unique type of young company that usually operates within informational industries. They are often innovative and agile even when they grow. This type of company has developed during the technological revolution in the area of Silicon Valley and with the rise of the Internet, it grew in the most popular methodology in building a disruptive business. As an answer to a so-called dot-com bubble several methodologies like Customer development, Lean Startup, and lean canvas have been developed. These methodologies have a goal of making it easier to create startups while making them even more agile. Methodologies have shown great efficiency in startup creation so the current biggest problem in startup lifecycle is the process of scaling. Scaling is a process in which the number of users is being grown while simultaneously scaling the whole startup organization. It is also a very risky process and most of the startups fail in this phase. To scale successfully startups have to meet several prerequisites. A startup ecosystem is the main prerequisite in successful startup growth as it can provide the startup with the necessary capital, workforce and stable market. The second prerequisite is internationalization as it is a goal of the majority of startups but it also brings big risks so it requires a methodical and careful approach. Final prerequisite of successful scaling is defining the business model of startup together with the most important metrics for measuring performance. Startups that are located within a healthy ecosystem with a methodical approach to internationalization and focus on key metrics for its business model will have better chances of scaling successfully

Creating prerequisites for successful scaling of startup company

Startup je poseban oblik mladog poduzeća koji najčešće djeluje u tehnološkim industrijama, obilježava ga velika razina inovativnosti i agilnosti u rastu. Ovaj oblik poduzeća se razvio pojavom tehnološke revolucije u području silicijske doline, a pojavom interneta je doživio veliki rast te je danas jako popularan način izgradnje disruptivne tvrtke. Kao odgovor na takozvanu dot-com krizu u svijetu startupa su se razvile razne metodologije poput Customer developmenta, Lean startupa i Lean Canvasa koje za cilj imaju umanjiti rizike pokretanja startupa uz istovremeno povećanje agilnosti. Ove su se metodologije pokazale jako efikasnima u pokretanju startupa pa je sada glavni problem u životnom ciklusu startupa njegovo uspješno skaliranje. Skaliranje je proces u kojem raste broj korisnika startupovog proizvoda ili usluge ali i čitava startup organizacija. On je također jako rizičan te većina startupa upravo u toj fazi dožive propast. Kako bi startupi uspjeli uspješno skalirati potrebno je ispuniti određene preduvjete. Startup ekosistem je osnovni preduvjet uspješnog rasta startupa te je on nužna potpora svakom startupu u vidu pristupa kapitalu, radnoj snazi, znanju i stabilnom tržištu. Internacionalizacija predstavlja cilj većine startupa ali sa sobom donosi i velike rizike te joj je stoga nužno pristupat metodično i uz veliku pripremu. Finalni preduvjet uspješnog skaliranja je definiranje poslovnog modela startupa te nužnih mjerila uspješnosti unutar tog modela. Startupi koji se nalaze unutar zdravog ekosistema, pažljivo pristupaju internacionalizaciji te se fokusiraju na najbitnija mjerila unutar odabranog poslovnog modela imaju veće šanse za uspješno skaliranje.A startup is a unique type of young company that usually operates within informational industries. They are often innovative and agile even when they grow. This type of company has developed during the technological revolution in the area of Silicon Valley and with the rise of the Internet, it grew in the most popular methodology in building a disruptive business. As an answer to a so-called dot-com bubble several methodologies like Customer development, Lean Startup, and lean canvas have been developed. These methodologies have a goal of making it easier to create startups while making them even more agile. Methodologies have shown great efficiency in startup creation so the current biggest problem in startup lifecycle is the process of scaling. Scaling is a process in which the number of users is being grown while simultaneously scaling the whole startup organization. It is also a very risky process and most of the startups fail in this phase. To scale successfully startups have to meet several prerequisites. A startup ecosystem is the main prerequisite in successful startup growth as it can provide the startup with the necessary capital, workforce and stable market. The second prerequisite is internationalization as it is a goal of the majority of startups but it also brings big risks so it requires a methodical and careful approach. Final prerequisite of successful scaling is defining the business model of startup together with the most important metrics for measuring performance. Startups that are located within a healthy ecosystem with a methodical approach to internationalization and focus on key metrics for its business model will have better chances of scaling successfully

Design and performances of modern jet engines for fighter aircraft

Završni rad je napravljen na način da se preko kratkog povijesnog pregleda uvede u način konstrukcije i performanse modernih mlaznih motora za borbene zrakoplove. Prikazani su i detaljno obrađeni glavni dijelovi i sustavi unutar mlaznog motora zajedno sa najvažnijim karakteristikama i načinima primjene. Performanse mlaznih motora dane su u obliku najvažnijih pokazatelja i objašnjeni pripadajućim formulama. Također, prikazani su i najmoderniji mlazni motori današnje generacije s primijenjenim tehnologijama iz prethodnih poglavlja. Na kraju završnog rada dana su predviđanja za moguće buduće sustave i konstrukcijska rješenja koji bi omogućili bolje performanse i sigurnost.This paper role is made so trough a short history review, the construction and performances of modern jet engines for fighter aircraft, are introduced. The main parts and system along with the main characteristics and methods of use inside of a jet engine are also shown. The performances of jet engines are explained trough their main indicators and belonging formulas. Also, in this paper, the most modern jet engines of this generation are shown and are associated with technologies that were mentioned in previous chapters. At the end of the paper, predictions for the systems that could be used in future are shown along with construction solutions that would enable better performances and safety

Creating prerequisites for successful scaling of startup company

Startup je poseban oblik mladog poduzeća koji najčešće djeluje u tehnološkim industrijama, obilježava ga velika razina inovativnosti i agilnosti u rastu. Ovaj oblik poduzeća se razvio pojavom tehnološke revolucije u području silicijske doline, a pojavom interneta je doživio veliki rast te je danas jako popularan način izgradnje disruptivne tvrtke. Kao odgovor na takozvanu dot-com krizu u svijetu startupa su se razvile razne metodologije poput Customer developmenta, Lean startupa i Lean Canvasa koje za cilj imaju umanjiti rizike pokretanja startupa uz istovremeno povećanje agilnosti. Ove su se metodologije pokazale jako efikasnima u pokretanju startupa pa je sada glavni problem u životnom ciklusu startupa njegovo uspješno skaliranje. Skaliranje je proces u kojem raste broj korisnika startupovog proizvoda ili usluge ali i čitava startup organizacija. On je također jako rizičan te većina startupa upravo u toj fazi dožive propast. Kako bi startupi uspjeli uspješno skalirati potrebno je ispuniti određene preduvjete. Startup ekosistem je osnovni preduvjet uspješnog rasta startupa te je on nužna potpora svakom startupu u vidu pristupa kapitalu, radnoj snazi, znanju i stabilnom tržištu. Internacionalizacija predstavlja cilj većine startupa ali sa sobom donosi i velike rizike te joj je stoga nužno pristupat metodično i uz veliku pripremu. Finalni preduvjet uspješnog skaliranja je definiranje poslovnog modela startupa te nužnih mjerila uspješnosti unutar tog modela. Startupi koji se nalaze unutar zdravog ekosistema, pažljivo pristupaju internacionalizaciji te se fokusiraju na najbitnija mjerila unutar odabranog poslovnog modela imaju veće šanse za uspješno skaliranje.A startup is a unique type of young company that usually operates within informational industries. They are often innovative and agile even when they grow. This type of company has developed during the technological revolution in the area of Silicon Valley and with the rise of the Internet, it grew in the most popular methodology in building a disruptive business. As an answer to a so-called dot-com bubble several methodologies like Customer development, Lean Startup, and lean canvas have been developed. These methodologies have a goal of making it easier to create startups while making them even more agile. Methodologies have shown great efficiency in startup creation so the current biggest problem in startup lifecycle is the process of scaling. Scaling is a process in which the number of users is being grown while simultaneously scaling the whole startup organization. It is also a very risky process and most of the startups fail in this phase. To scale successfully startups have to meet several prerequisites. A startup ecosystem is the main prerequisite in successful startup growth as it can provide the startup with the necessary capital, workforce and stable market. The second prerequisite is internationalization as it is a goal of the majority of startups but it also brings big risks so it requires a methodical and careful approach. Final prerequisite of successful scaling is defining the business model of startup together with the most important metrics for measuring performance. Startups that are located within a healthy ecosystem with a methodical approach to internationalization and focus on key metrics for its business model will have better chances of scaling successfully

Scientific research of intelligence failures: issues and controversy

Obavještajne pogreške pobuđuju zanimanje šire znanstveno-stručne javnosti zadnjih osamdeset godina i prema određenim procjenama najistraživanija su tema iz područja obavještajnih studija. Temeljna funkcija istraživanja pogrešaka obavještajnih službi usmjerena je partikularno prema unapređenju obavještajnog djelovanja, odnosno minimiziranju obavještajnih pogrešaka u cjelini. Međutim, to područje karakterizira nedostupnost izvornih, to jest primarnih podataka iz srca obavještajne institucije i neposredni uvid u sve faze obavještajnog procesa što predstavlja kontroverzno mjesto u provedbi objektivnog, nepristranog i spoznajnog znanstvenog istraživanja. Unatoč nedostupnosti primarnih podataka, znanstvenici i eksperti iz područja obavještajnih studija koriste se sekundarnim izvorima koji su rezultat institucionalnih istraga koje države provode nakon pojave obavještajne pogreške. Stoga u ovome radu utvrđujemo mogu li se obavještajne pogreške istraživati znanstveno ili analize obavještajnih pogrešaka imaju karakteristike stručne analize.Intelligence failures have aroused the interest of the general scientific and professional public for the past eighty years and, according to certain estimates, are the most researched topic in the field of intelligence studies. The basic function of investigating intelligence failures is directed in particular towards improving intelligence activities, ie minimizing these failures as a whole. However, this area is characterized by the unavailability of primary data from the heart of the intelligence institution and direct insight into all phases of the intelligence process, which is controversial in the implementation of objective, impartial and cognitive scientific research. Despite the lack of primary data, scientists and experts in the field of intelligence studies use secondary sources that are the result of institutional investigations conducted by states after the occurrence of an intelligence failure. Therefore, this paper determines whether intelligence failures can be scientifically analysed, or whether these analyses have features of an expert analysis

Koncentracije kadmija i olova u tkivima dobrog (Tursiops truncatus) i plavobijelog dupina (Stenella coeruleoalba) nasukanih na hrvatskoj obali Jadranskoga mora.

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in the livers, kidneys and muscles of 15 bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) and two striped (Stenella coeruleoalba) dolphins, stranded dead along the Croatian Adriatic coast from 1990 to 1999. Cd concentrations (μg/g wet weight (w.w.)) ranged from 0.004 to 0.670 in muscle, from 0.004 to 1.842 in kidney and from 0.004 to 2.548 in liver tissues. Similarly, total Pb concentrations (μg/g w.w.) ranged from 0.01 to 0.46 in muscles, from 0.01 to 0.95 in kidneys and from 0.01 to 2.38 in livers. Cd and Pb concentrations revealed no significant differences between adults (n = 10; >6 years) and juveniles (n = 7; liver>muscle, which is a typical Cd distribution pattern. Significant positive correlations of Cd concentrations were found between livers and kidneys (r = 0.63, P = 0.015), and livers and muscles (r = 0.74, P = 0.0008). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation of Pb concentrations was determined between kidneys and muscles (r = 0.75, P = 0.001), opposite to the significant negative correlation between liver and muscle Pb concentrations (r = -0.66, P = 0.004). Our study reports the Cd and Pb concentrations in tissues of the most abundant delphinid species in the Adriatic Sea, sampled over a 10-year period. These data are required for future studies on toxic metal accumulations and their dynamics in Adriatic dolphins and in the Adriatic environment.Koncentracije kadmija (Cd) i olova (Pb) određene su u uzorcima jetrenog, mišićnog i bubrežnog tkiva 15 dobrih (Tursiops truncatus) i 2 plavobijela (Stenella coeruleoalba) dupina uginulih od 1990. do 1999. godine uzduž hrvatskog dijela Jadranskoga mora. Koncentracija kadmija kretala se od 0,004 do 0,670 μg/g u mišiću, 0,004 do 1,842 μg/g u bubregu i od 0,004 do 2,548 μg/g u jetri (vlažna težina). Koncentracije olova kretale su se od 0,01 do 0,46 μg/g u mišiću, od 0,01 do 0,95 μg/g u bubregu i od 0,01 do 2,38 μg/g u jetri. Razlika u koncentracijama Cd i Pb u tkivima mladih (n = 7; 6 godina) životinja nije bila statistički značajna. Srednje vrijednosti Cd kretale su se prema uobičajenoj distribuciji od najviše u bubrezima prema najnižoj u mišićima (bubrezi>jetra>mišići). Statistički značajnu pozitivnu korelaciju pokazuju koncentracija Cd u jetri i bubrezima (r = 0,63, P = 0,015) i koncentracija u jetri i mišiću (r = 0,74, P = 0,0008). Jednako tako statistički značajnu pozitivnu korelaciju pokazuju koncentracija Pb u bubrezima i u mišiću (r = 0,75, P = 0,001), dok je između jetre i mišića korelacija negativna (r = -0,66, P = 0,004). Ovim istraživanjem koje obuhvaća raspon od 10 godina određene su koncentracije Cd i Pb u tkivima najučestalijih vrsta dupina Jadranskoga mora. Utvrđene razine teških metala osnova su za buduća istraživanja njihove koncentracije i dinamike u jadranskim dupinima, ali i cjelokupnom jadranskom okolišu

Nutritional specificity of protein and fat in mare milk compared to human and cow milk

Zadnjih se desetljeća kobilje mlijeko istražuje kao funkcionalna i ljekovita hrana. Sastav kobiljeg, humanog i kravljeg mlijeka znatno se razlikuje, a varira i o genetskim, fiziološkim i prehrambenim čimbenicima, kao i o uvjetima okoliša. Uspoređujući ga s humanim i kravljim mlijekom, kobilje mlijeko ima nižu energetsku vrijednost i niže vrijednosti masti. Sadržaj proteina sirutke i kazeina u kobiljem mlijeku sličan je onom u humanom za prehranu ljudi i čini ga pogodnijim od kravljega. Kobilje i humano mlijeko formiraju precipitat koji je lakše probavljiv od koaguluma kravljeg mlijeka. Vanjska membrana masnih globula, kao i raspodjela di- i tri- glicerida iz kobiljeg i humanog mlijeka su slične. Postotak nezasićenih masnih kiselina u kobiljem i humanom mlijeku veći je nego u kravljem mlijeku, a najveći dio otpada na polinezasićene masne kiseline sa srednjim i većim brojem ugljikovih atoma. Kobilje mlijeko zauzima sve više prostora u nutricionizmu zbog svojih specifičnih kemijskih i nutritivnih karakteristika.The composition of mare, human and cow milk differs significantly depending on the genetic, physiological and nutritional factors, and environmental conditions. Compared to human and cow milk, mare milk has lower energy and fat values, while the protein content of mare milk is similar to human milk. The content of whey protein and casein in mare milk makes it more suitable than cow milk for human consumption. Mare and human milk form a precipitate, which is much easier to digest than cow milk coagulum, and the outer membrane of fat globules and the distribution of di- and triglycerides from mare and human milk are also similar. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in mare and human milk is higher than in cow milk, most of which are polyunsaturated with a moderate to higher number of carbon atoms. Due to its specific chemical and nutritional properties, mare milk is in the focus of interest as a functional and healthy food

Biochemical functions and toxicity of manganese and its concentration in marine mammal tissues

Mangan je esencijalan element koji sudjeluje u nizu metaboličkih funkcija, uključujući razvoj skeletnog sustava, metabolizam energije, aktivaciju određenih enzima, funkcioniranje živčanog sustava, rast veznog tkiva, zgrušavanje krvi, funkcioniranje imunološkog sustava te pravilnu funkciju reproduktivnih hormona. Također je i antioksidans koji štiti stanice od djelovanja slobodnih radikala te kofaktor u nizu enzimskih reakcija. U životinja njegov nedostatak utječe na metabolizam ugljikohidrata, smanjenje metabolizma glukoze, nepravilan metabolizam lipida te slabljenje sinteze i djelovanje inzulina. Mangan se koncentrira u mitohondriju stanice te tkiva koja su bogata tim organelama, kao što su gušterača, jetra, bubrezi i crijeva, imaju najviše koncentracije mangana. Također, lako prelazi krvno-moždanu barijeru i akumulira se u specifičnim regijama mozga. Stoga kronično udisanje visokih koncentracija mangana utječe na mozak te uzrokuje poremećaj središnjeg živčanog sustava i neurobihevioralni poremećaj. Utjecaj mangana kao elementa u tragovima s potencijalnom toksičnošću na morske sisavce kao što su dupini još uvijek je neistražen. Glavni čimbenik opterećenja organizma sisavaca manganom je prehrana koja znatno utječe na varijacije metala unutar različitih vrsta te između različitih tkiva. Očekivani raspon mangana u tkivima morskih sisavaca je do 7 mg/kg mokre težine. Najviše koncentracije u rasponu od 2,15 do 5,34 mg/kg su određene u jetri morskih sisavaca u tri vrste dupina iz reda kitova (Cetacea) koje su prisutni u svim morima pa tako i u Sredozemnom i Jadranskom moru, odnosno u dobrog (Tursiops truncatus), plavobijelog (Stenella coeruleoalba) i glavatog dupina (Grampus griseus). Istraživanja koncentracija mangana u tkivima pokazuju slijed koncentracija jetra > bubrezi > mišić. Također, koncentracije mangana u tkivima tri vrste dupina s Mediterana pokazuju slične vrijednosti u tkivima posebice jetri, bubrezima, mišićima i plućima. Dostupno je svega nekoliko literaturnih podataka koncentracija mangana u dupinima s talijanske obale Jadranskog mora. Usporedba koncentracija mangana u tkivima dobrih i plavobijelih dupina iz drugih svjetskih mora, odnosno američke, brazilske te portugalske obale Atlantika te pacifičkih otoka Havaja i Japana pokazuje slične vrijednosti onima određenim u tkivima dupina iz Mediterana. Za glavate dupine nisu dostupni podatci iz svjetskih mora. Značajne razlike koncentracija mangana utvrđene su u koži obzirom na geografsku poziciju nalaska dobrih dupina u svjetskim morima što sugerira da geografska lokacija može biti važan čimbenik utjecaja na koncentracije mangana.Manganese is an essential element involved in a number of metabolic functions, including skeletal system development, energy metabolism, specific enzyme activation, nervous system function, connective tissue growth, blood clotting, immune function, and proper function of reproductive hormones. It is also an antioxidant that protects cells from free radicals, and is a cofactor in a series of enzymatic reactions. Deficiency of manganese in animals affects carbohydrate metabolism, decreased glucose metabolism, poor lipid metabolism and decreased synthesis and insulin activity. Manganese accumulates in mitochondrial cells, and therefore, tissues rich in these organelles, such as the pancreas, liver, kidneys and intestine, have the highest concentrations of manganese. It also easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in specific regions of the brain. Therefore, chronic inhalation of high concentrations of manganese affects the brain, causing central nervous system disorders and neurobehavioral disorders. The effects of manganese as a trace element with potential toxicity to marine mammals, such as dolphins, have not yet been explored. The main load factor of manganese in mammals is diet, with metal content varying widely among species and tissues. The expected range of manganese in marine mammal tissues is up to 7 mg/kg wet weight. The highest concentrations, ranging from 2.15 to 5.34 mg/kg, were determined in the livers of the three species of kite whale (Cetacea) dolphins present in all seas, including the Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea: bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus), striped (Stenella coeruleoalba), and Risso’s (Grampus griseus) dolphins. Studies conducted for the determination of manganese concentrations in dolphin tissues have shown the concentration order liver > kidneys > muscles. Also, manganese concentrations in the tissues of the three dolphin species from the Mediterranean showed similar values in tissues, especially liver, kidneys, muscles and lungs. There are few reports on manganese concentrations in dolphins from the Italian coast of the Adriatic Sea. Comparison of manganese concentrations in the tissues of bottlenose and striped dolphins from other world seas, i.e., the American, Brazilian and Portuguese coasts of the Atlantic and the Pacific islands of Hawaii and Japan, showed similar values to those determined in the dolphin tissue from the Mediterranean. There were no available literature data for Risso’s dolphins from the world seas. Significant differences in manganese concentrations were found in the skin due to the global geographical position of the bottlenose dolphins, suggesting that geographic location may be an important factor influencing manganese concentrations