Prevalence and Predictors of elder abuse in Mafikeng Local Municipality in South Africa

Elder abuse is widespread in South Africa and is a serious public health problem.  This paper estimated the prevalence and identified the forms and predictors of elder abuse.  The paper used cross-sectional data on 506 elderly people from Mafikeng Local Municipality in South Africa, and used the chi-square statistic and the logistic regression model to analyse the data.  Overall 64.3% of men and 60.3% of women experienced elder abuse.  Physical abuse was more common among men while emotional, financial and sexual abuses were more common among women.  Having no working children, being currently single, living in elderly couple family, living in rural areas, having a poor self-perception of health and having a disability were significantly associated with elder abuse.  We conclude that the prevalence of elder abuse is high and common, which calls for strategies to prevent the vice

A VALIDATED LC-MS/MS METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BOCEPREVIR AND BOCEPREVIR D6 (IS) IN HUMAN PLASMA EMPLOYING LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION

Objective: This study was aimed to develop a simple, rapid, specific and precise liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometric (LC–MS/MS) validated method for quantification of Boceprevir and internal standard (ISTD) Boceprevir D6 in human plasma.Methods: Plasma samples were pretreated with 100 µl of 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide and are subjected for Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) using 2.5 ml of ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Chromolith RP18e column (100 mmx4.6 mmx5 µm) with Acetonitrile: 20 mM Ammonium formate (80:20%v/v) as an isocratic mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. the LC eluent was split, and approximately 0.1 ml/min was introduced into Tandem mass spectrometer using turbo Ion Spray interface at 400 °C. Quantitation was performed by transitions of m/z 586.2 precursor ion to the m/z 422.2 for Boceprevir and m/z 592.2/574.20 for Boceprevir D6.Results: The concentrations of nine working standards showed linearity between 2 to 1000 ng/ml (r2 ≥ 0.998). Chromatographic separation was achieved within 3 min. The limit of Quantification (LOQ) was found to be 2ng/ml. The intraday and interday precision with quality control samples was found to be 0.09 to 3.17%.Conclusion: The assay is suitable for pharmacokinetic study samples as demonstrated by its specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability characteristics.Keywords: Boceprevir, LC-MS/MS, Human plasma, Liquid-Liquid Extractio

Aerosol loading over the South African Highveld

The Highveld region of South Africa contributes substantially to the aerosol loading over southern Africa because of its importance as an industrial, mining and farming base. Aerosols affect climate by absorbing or reflecting incoming solar radiation, and by affecting cloud microphysics, cloud albedo and precipitation. The physical and optical properties of industrial/urban aerosols over the Highveld region of South Africa were analysed during a 32-day winter sampling period (21 May to 21 June) in 2002; a 32-day summer sampling period (21 October to 21 November) in 2002, and a second 32-day winter sampling period (19 May to 19 June) in 2003. Synoptic circulation systems were examined in as far as they affect the horizontal transport of aerosols over the Highveld region. Measurements of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the ground to the top of the atmosphere and aerosol size distribution characteristics over the Highveld region were taken using hand-held hazemeters and a CIMEL sun photometer. The AOT observed over the region during the winter 2002 and 2003 sampling periods and during the summer 2002 sampling period indicated high turbidity. In the 2002 winter sampling period, the AOT530nm ranged between 0.05 to 0.7 with an average of 0.14. In the 2002 summer sampling period, the AOT530nm ranged between 0.05 to 0.6, with an average of 0.24. In the 2003 winter sampling period, the AOT500nm ranged between 0.06 to 0.6, with an average of 0.21. The Ångström exponent value had a wide range, 0.8 to 2.4 in the 2002 winter and summer sampling periods and also in the 2003 winter sampling period, indicating that a range of particle sizes was present over the Highveld region. The Ångström exponent values obtained were derived from the influences of Aeolian dust, coarse-mode industrial particles and, to a small extent, fine-mode biomassburning aerosols. Case studies, based on trajectory analysis and meteorology of the sampling area, were made of the aerosols emanating from the township sites during each of the three sampling periods to observe the build-up and dispersion of aerosols at that time

Effet Larvicide de l’Huile Essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) sur Pectinophora gossypiella S. et Thaumatotibia leucotreta M. (Lepidoptera), Ravageurs Carpophages du Cotonnier au Togo

L’usage massif des pesticides chimiques en protection phytosanitaire présente un danger énorme sur la santé publique et sur l’environnement. Il s’impose de trouver des moyens de protection écologique respectueux de l’environnement. Dans cette étude, l’activité insecticide de l’huile essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus a été évaluée au laboratoire et en milieu réel contre deux ravageurs importants du cotonnier, Pectinophora gossypiella et Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Les larves de ces ravageurs ont été exposées d’abord à l’effet toxique des différentes concentrations de l’huile essentielle par test de contact et par ingestion au laboratoire. Les taux de mortalité enregistrés ont été comparés aux témoins absolus et de référence. Les résultats ont montré que l’huile essentielle d’E. globulus a exercé une activité insecticide importante sur les larves. En effet, l’huile essentielle a entrainé un taux de mortalité de 100 et 99% à la dose 1µl/ml respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta après 24 heures d’exposition au test de contact. Avec le test d’ingestion, les taux de mortalité ont été 36 et 30,78% respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta. En milieu réel, les résultats des traitements à base des formulations d’huile essentielle d’E. globulus en comparaison avec l’insecticide de référence ont montré que les infestations des populations de P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta ont été plus faibles dans les modalités de traitement à base d’huile essentielle de E. globulus à 1µl/ml (TE3). L’analyse sanitaire des capsules vertes a montré une réduction du nombre de ravageurs de 6,25±1,29 T. leucotreta par plant dans les parcelles témoins absolus à 3,29±0,52 dans les parcelles à traitement TE3. Il a été observé également une réduction du nombre de 9,04±1,38 P. gossypiella par plant (témoin absolu) à 4,13±0,39 (TE3). Les rendements moyens élevés en coton graine ont été de 1933,10±0,29Kg et 1927,08±0,12Kg/ha respectivement avec le témoin référence TV et TE3. Il a été faible dans les parcelles témoins absolus avec 1197,92±0,33Kg/ha. L’extrait d’E. globulus possède une activité insecticide potentielle au laboratoire comme au champ.   The massive use of chemical pesticides in plant protection poses an enormous threat to public health and the environment. We need to find ecological protection methods that respect the environment. In this study, the insecticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field against two major cotton pests, Pectinophora gossypiella and Thaumatotibia leucotreta. The larvae of these pests were first exposed to the toxic effect of different concentrations of the essential oil by contact test and by ingestion in the laboratory. The mortality rates recorded were compared with absolute and reference controls. The results showed that the essential oil of E. globulus exerted significant insecticidal activity on the larvae. Indeed, the essential oil caused a mortality rate of 100 and 99% at the dose of 1µl/ml respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta after 24 hours of exposure to the contact test. With the ingestion test, the mortality rates were 36 and 30.78% respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta. In the real environment, the results of treatments based on formulations of essential oil of E. globulus in comparison with the reference insecticide showed that infestations of P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta populations were lower in treatment modalities based on essential oil of E. globulus at 1µl/ml (TE3). Health analysis of the green bolls showed a reduction in the number of pests from 6.25±1.29 T. leucotreta per plant in the absolute control plots to 3.29±0.52 in the TE3 treatment plots. There was also a reduction in the number of P. gossypiella from 9.04±1.38 per plant (absolute control) to 4.13±0.39 (TE3). High average yields of seed cotton were 1933.10±0.29Kg and 1927.08±0.12Kg/ha respectively with the TV and TE3 reference controls. It was low in the absolute control plots with 1197.92±0.33Kg/ha. E. globulus extract has potential insecticidal activity both in the laboratory and in the field

Effet Larvicide de l’Huile Essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus L. (Myrtaceae) sur Pectinophora gossypiella S. et Thaumatotibia leucotreta M. (Lepidoptera), Ravageurs Carpophages du Cotonnier au Togo

L’usage massif des pesticides chimiques en protection phytosanitaire présente un danger énorme sur la santé publique et sur l’environnement. Il s’impose de trouver des moyens de protection écologique respectueux de l’environnement. Dans cette étude, l’activité insecticide de l’huile essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus a été évaluée au laboratoire et en milieu réel contre deux ravageurs importants du cotonnier, Pectinophora gossypiella et Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Les larves de ces ravageurs ont été exposées d’abord à l’effet toxique des différentes concentrations de l’huile essentielle par test de contact et par ingestion au laboratoire. Les taux de mortalité enregistrés ont été comparés aux témoins absolus et de référence. Les résultats ont montré que l’huile essentielle d’E. globulus a exercé une activité insecticide importante sur les larves. En effet, l’huile essentielle a entrainé un taux de mortalité de 100 et 99% à la dose 1µl/ml respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta après 24 heures d’exposition au test de contact. Avec le test d’ingestion, les taux de mortalité ont été 36 et 30,78% respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta. En milieu réel, les résultats des traitements à base des formulations d’huile essentielle d’E. globulus en comparaison avec l’insecticide de référence ont montré que les infestations des populations de P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta ont été plus faibles dans les modalités de traitement à base d’huile essentielle de E. globulus à 1µl/ml (TE3). L’analyse sanitaire des capsules vertes a montré une réduction du nombre de ravageurs de 6,25±1,29 T. leucotreta par plant dans les parcelles témoins absolus à 3,29±0,52 dans les parcelles à traitement TE3. Il a été observé également une réduction du nombre de 9,04±1,38 P. gossypiella par plant (témoin absolu) à 4,13±0,39 (TE3). Les rendements moyens élevés en coton graine ont été de 1933,10±0,29Kg et 1927,08±0,12Kg/ha respectivement avec le témoin référence TV et TE3. Il a été faible dans les parcelles témoins absolus avec 1197,92±0,33Kg/ha. L’extrait d’E. globulus possède une activité insecticide potentielle au laboratoire comme au champ.   The massive use of chemical pesticides in plant protection poses an enormous threat to public health and the environment. We need to find ecological protection methods that respect the environment. In this study, the insecticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field against two major cotton pests, Pectinophora gossypiella and Thaumatotibia leucotreta. The larvae of these pests were first exposed to the toxic effect of different concentrations of the essential oil by contact test and by ingestion in the laboratory. The mortality rates recorded were compared with absolute and reference controls. The results showed that the essential oil of E. globulus exerted significant insecticidal activity on the larvae. Indeed, the essential oil caused a mortality rate of 100 and 99% at the dose of 1µl/ml respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta after 24 hours of exposure to the contact test. With the ingestion test, the mortality rates were 36 and 30.78% respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta. In the real environment, the results of treatments based on formulations of essential oil of E. globulus in comparison with the reference insecticide showed that infestations of P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta populations were lower in treatment modalities based on essential oil of E. globulus at 1µl/ml (TE3). Health analysis of the green bolls showed a reduction in the number of pests from 6.25±1.29 T. leucotreta per plant in the absolute control plots to 3.29±0.52 in the TE3 treatment plots. There was also a reduction in the number of P. gossypiella from 9.04±1.38 per plant (absolute control) to 4.13±0.39 (TE3). High average yields of seed cotton were 1933.10±0.29Kg and 1927.08±0.12Kg/ha respectively with the TV and TE3 reference controls. It was low in the absolute control plots with 1197.92±0.33Kg/ha. E. globulus extract has potential insecticidal activity both in the laboratory and in the field

Effet Larvicide de l’Huile Essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus L. (Myrtaceae) sur Pectinophora gossypiella S. et Thaumatotibia leucotreta M. (Lepidoptera), Ravageurs Carpophages du Cotonnier au Togo

L’usage massif des pesticides chimiques en protection phytosanitaire présente un danger énorme sur la santé publique et sur l’environnement. Il s’impose de trouver des moyens de protection écologique respectueux de l’environnement. Dans cette étude, l’activité insecticide de l’huile essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus a été évaluée au laboratoire et en milieu réel contre deux ravageurs importants du cotonnier, Pectinophora gossypiella et Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Les larves de ces ravageurs ont été exposées d’abord à l’effet toxique des différentes concentrations de l’huile essentielle par test de contact et par ingestion au laboratoire. Les taux de mortalité enregistrés ont été comparés aux témoins absolus et de référence. Les résultats ont montré que l’huile essentielle d’E. globulus a exercé une activité insecticide importante sur les larves. En effet, l’huile essentielle a entrainé un taux de mortalité de 100 et 99% à la dose 1µl/ml respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta après 24 heures d’exposition au test de contact. Avec le test d’ingestion, les taux de mortalité ont été 36 et 30,78% respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta. En milieu réel, les résultats des traitements à base des formulations d’huile essentielle d’E. globulus en comparaison avec l’insecticide de référence ont montré que les infestations des populations de P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta ont été plus faibles dans les modalités de traitement à base d’huile essentielle de E. globulus à 1µl/ml (TE3). L’analyse sanitaire des capsules vertes a montré une réduction du nombre de ravageurs de 6,25±1,29 T. leucotreta par plant dans les parcelles témoins absolus à 3,29±0,52 dans les parcelles à traitement TE3. Il a été observé également une réduction du nombre de 9,04±1,38 P. gossypiella par plant (témoin absolu) à 4,13±0,39 (TE3). Les rendements moyens élevés en coton graine ont été de 1933,10±0,29Kg et 1927,08±0,12Kg/ha respectivement avec le témoin référence TV et TE3. Il a été faible dans les parcelles témoins absolus avec 1197,92±0,33Kg/ha. L’extrait d’E. globulus possède une activité insecticide potentielle au laboratoire comme au champ.   The massive use of chemical pesticides in plant protection poses an enormous threat to public health and the environment. We need to find ecological protection methods that respect the environment. In this study, the insecticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field against two major cotton pests, Pectinophora gossypiella and Thaumatotibia leucotreta. The larvae of these pests were first exposed to the toxic effect of different concentrations of the essential oil by contact test and by ingestion in the laboratory. The mortality rates recorded were compared with absolute and reference controls. The results showed that the essential oil of E. globulus exerted significant insecticidal activity on the larvae. Indeed, the essential oil caused a mortality rate of 100 and 99% at the dose of 1µl/ml respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta after 24 hours of exposure to the contact test. With the ingestion test, the mortality rates were 36 and 30.78% respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta. In the real environment, the results of treatments based on formulations of essential oil of E. globulus in comparison with the reference insecticide showed that infestations of P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta populations were lower in treatment modalities based on essential oil of E. globulus at 1µl/ml (TE3). Health analysis of the green bolls showed a reduction in the number of pests from 6.25±1.29 T. leucotreta per plant in the absolute control plots to 3.29±0.52 in the TE3 treatment plots. There was also a reduction in the number of P. gossypiella from 9.04±1.38 per plant (absolute control) to 4.13±0.39 (TE3). High average yields of seed cotton were 1933.10±0.29Kg and 1927.08±0.12Kg/ha respectively with the TV and TE3 reference controls. It was low in the absolute control plots with 1197.92±0.33Kg/ha. E. globulus extract has potential insecticidal activity both in the laboratory and in the field

Long-term Care for Older People in South Africa: The Enduring Legacies of Apartheid and HIV/AIDS

This paper sets out a general framework for analysing long-term care (LTC) systems for older people in different countries and then applies this framework to a specific national setting. The paper considers the extent to which South Africa's emerging LTC system conforms to broader patterns observed across low- and middle-income countries and how far it has been shaped by more local effects. It finds that patterns of demand for LTC vary across different racial categories. Despite having lower rates of ageing that the white population, Africans account for the majority of LTC demand. Residential services cater primarily for older whites and there is a widespread perception that LTC for Africans should be a family responsibility. Across the sector there is evidence of gaps in service availability, limited state oversight and uneven service quality. In 2016 this led to a high-profile political scandal which may prompt more effective state responses to this growing societal challenge

Fertility differentials between migrants and non–migrants in the North West Province

(M.Soc.Sc.) North West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2004The aim of this study was to examine the fertility differentials between migrants and non-migrants in the North West province of South Africa. Evaluation of fertility behavior of migrants at the destination area and the causes of fertility differentials of migrants and non-migrants was also undertaken. Data used in · this study were obtained from the 1996 Census and the 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey. It was found that migrant behavior at the destination areas tends to be influenced by the new environment, which motivated them to, adapt to the norms and values that would affect their fertility. Although South Africa has a lower fertility rate than to the rest of Sub Saharan Africa, It appeared that fertility differentials have existed between migrants and non-migrants. Fertility was higher among migrants than non-migrants and the difference between the two population groups has declined between 1996 and 1998. However fertility differentials were vividly observed with respect to Education, income age and employment status among both migrants and non-migrants in 1996 and income and age at first intercourse among both migrants and non-migrants in 1998. The study concludes by recommending that further research be done particularly on the issue of ethnicity and its impact on fertility since there is no concrete evidence to suggest that there is any marked link between migrants and non-migrants. Also, this kind of research should be done in other provinces to establish the state of migrant and non-migrant fertility and any variations among different socio-economic and demographic groups of Household society. Furthermore, Education should be universalized as a powerful tool to regulate fertility as it has shown to affect fertility, particularly in areas where fertility is still relatively high among both migrants and non-migrants.Master

Novel Accounting, Pricing and charging models in a cloud-based service provisioning environment

Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013Cloud Computing, the long-held vision of Computing as a utility, has recently emerged as a new model for hosting, commoditizing and delivering services in a manner similar to traditional utilities such as water, electricity, gas and telephony. In this new model, users are able to access services according to their specific preferences without regards to where the services are hosted or how they are delivered. In a Cloud Computing environment, the traditional role of service provider is divided into two; the infrastructure providers who manage cloud platforms and lease resource according to usage-based pricing model and the service providers who rent resources from one or many infrastructure providers to serve the end users. This research report is on the development and implementation of novel accounting, pricing and charging model in a cloud-based service provisioning environment. The model implementation scheme is on the basis of pay-as-you go for the utilisation of the cloud service, as against the traditional transfer pricing method which is based on user observed value for the service. The experimental tool used was cloud analyst because of its ability to support visual simulation and modelling of large scale applications that are set out on cloud infrastructures. The significant contribution of this novel model is on its ability to reduce fraudulent charges on cloud services.Master