Die Zukunft der Luftfahrt in Indien

Nach Prognosen von Airbus werden sich die weltweiten Passagierkilometer von derzeit rund 5,5 Bio. RPK auf etwa 12 Bio. RPK im Jahr 2030 mehr als verdoppeln. Die Dominanz des Passagierverkehrs wird sich parallel in den asiatisch-pazifischen Raum verschieben. Sowohl im Passagier- als auch im Frachtflug bestehen auf dem indischen Luftfahrtmarkt noch erhebliche Potenziale, gemessen an der Bevölkerung und der Wirtschaftsleistung. --

Akkretionsscheiben-Modelle mit einer verallgemeinerten, Reynolds-kritischen Turbulenz in aktiven galaktischen Kernen und um Protosterne

Sowohl bei Quasaren als auch bei Protosternen reichen herkoemmliche Akkretionsscheibenmodelle zur Beschreibung nicht mehr aus, da die Scheibenmassen im Vergleich zur Zentralmasse nicht mehr klein sein muessen. Fuer diese Scheiben wurden stationaere, geometrisch duenne Scheibenmodelle fur eine verallgemeinerte, Reynolds-kritische Turbulenz berechnet. Im Gegensatz zu Standard-Scheiben koennen diese sehr viel schneller Material durch die Scheibe akkretieren. Dies kann die extrem massereichen Schwarzen Loecher in AGN bereits in den fruehen Phasen der Galaxienentwicklung erklaeren, in denen durch Wechselwirkungsprozesse viel Gas in das Zentrum gestuerzt ist. Zudem wurden Scheibeninstabilitaeten gefunden, die durch starke Aenderungen der Opazitaet verursacht werden, und die ebenfalls fuer einen voruebergehend schnelleren Einfall von Material verantwortlich sein koennten. Schliesslich konnte gezeigt werden, dass die inneren Bereiche in AGN bis zu (abhaengig von der Massenakkretionsrate) einigen 1.0E4 Schwarzschildradien advektions- (oder konvektions-) dominierte Scheiben sind. In protostellaren Scheiben macht sich der Einfluss der Selbstgravitation in einem starken Anwachsen der Flaechendichte und der Zentraldichte sowie in einem maessigen Anstieg der Zentraltemperatur bemerkbar. Ein Abflachen des Effektivtemperaturprofils zur Erklaerung der beobachteten Spektren konnte aber nicht auf die Selbstgravitation zurueckgefuehrt werden, sondern ist eher durch den Einfluss der umgebenden Molekuelwolke bedingt. Die erhoehte Flaechen- und Zentraldichte wird sich auf die Bildung von Staubagglomeraten in den fruehen Phasen der protostellaren Entwicklung auswirken und so die Planetenentstehung beeinflussen

High cardiac background activity limits 99mTc-MIBI radioguided surgery in aortopulmonary window parathyroid adenomas

Background: Radioguided surgery using 99m-Technetium-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) has been recommended for the surgical treatment of mediastinal parathyroid adenomas. However, high myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake may limit the feasibility of radioguided surgery in aortopulmonary window parathyroid adenoma. Case presentation: Two female patients aged 72 (#1) and 79 years (#2) with primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid adenomas in the aortopulmonary window were operated by transsternal radioguided surgery. After intravenous injection of 370 MBq 99mTc-MIBI at start of surgery, the maximum radioactive intensity (as counts per second) was measured over several body regions using a gamma probe before and after removal of the parathyroid adenoma. Relative radioactivity was calculated in relation to the measured ex vivo radioactivity of the adenoma, which was set to 1.0. Both patients were cured by uneventful removal of aortopulmonary window parathyroid adenomas of 4400 (#1) and 985 mg (#2). Biochemical cure was documented by intraoperative measurement of parathyroid hormone as well as follow-up examination. Ex vivo radioactivity over the parathyroid adenomas was 196 (#1) and 855 counts per second (#2). Before parathyroidectomy, relative radioactivity over the aortopulmonary window versus the heart was found at 1.3 versus 2.6 (#1) and 1.8 versus 4.8 (#2). After removal of the adenomas, radioactivity within the aortopulmonary window was only slightly reduced. Conclusion: High myocardial uptake of 99mTc-MIBI limits the feasibility of radioguided surgery in aortopulmonary parathyroid adenoma.publishedVersio

Incidence of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma and Breast-Implant-Associated Lymphoma—An Analysis of a Certified Tumor Registry over 17 Years

Background: Breast-implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BI-ALCL) and primary breast ALCL are rare extranodal manifestations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The rarity of both diseases, along with unreleased sales data on breast implants and constant updates of classification systems impede the calculation of an exact incidence. Methods: The database of the Tumor Center Regensburg in Bavaria was searched for patients with CD30-positive and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma between 2002 and 2018. These lymphomas were identified by the ICD-O-3 morphology code "97023" and were cross-checked by searching the diagnosis by name the and ICD-10 code C84.7. Furthermore, we tried to calculate the incidence rates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals, standardized to 1,000,000 implant years of breast-implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma and primary breast anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Results: Twelve ALK-negative and CD30-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas were identified out of 170,405 malignancies. No case was found within the breast tissue and none of the patients had a previous history of breast implant placement. In five cases, lymph node involvement in close proximity to the breast was observed. Conclusion: We found a low incidence of anaplastic large cell lymphoma and no association to breast implants in these patients. A review of the current literature revealed inconsistent use of classification systems for anaplastic large cell lymphomas and potential overestimation of cases

Fatty Acids and their Derivatives as Renewable Platform Molecules for the Chemical Industry

Oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin remain an important renewable feedstock for the chemical industry. Their industrial use has increased during the last 10 years from 31 to 51 million tonnes annually. Remarkable achievements made in the field of oleochemistry in this timeframe are summarized herein, including the reduction of fatty esters to ethers, the selective oxidation and oxidative cleavage of C–C double bonds, the synthesis of alkyl-branched fatty compounds, the isomerizing hydroformylation and alkoxycarboxylation, and olefin metathesis. The use of oleochemicals for the synthesis of a great variety of polymeric materials has increased tremendously, too. In addition to lipases and phospholipases, other enzymes have found their way into biocatalytic oleochemistry. Important achievements have also generated new oil qualities in existing crop plants or by using microorganisms optimized by metabolic engineering

Impact of EMG Changes in Continuous Vagal Nerve Monitoring in High-Risk Endocrine Neck Surgery

Background: Continuous vagal intraoperative neuromonitoring (CIONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) may reduce the risk of RLN lesions during high-risk endocrine neck surgery such as operation for large goiter potentially requiring transsternal surgery, advanced thyroid cancer, and recurrence. Methods: Fifty-five consecutive patients (41 female, median age 61 years, 87 nerves at risk) underwent high-risk endocrine neck surgery. CIONM was performed using the commercially available NIM-Response 3.0 nerve monitoring system with automatic periodic stimulation (APS) and matching endotracheal tube electrodes (Medtronic Inc.). All CIONM events (decreased amplitude/increased latency) were recorded. Results: APS malfunction occurred on three sides (3 %). A total of 138 CIONM events were registered on 61 sides. Of 138, 47 (34 %) events were assessed as imminent (13 events) or potentially imminent (34 events) lesions, whereas 91 (66 %) were classified as artifacts. Loss of signal was observed in seven patients. Actions to restore the CIONM baseline were undertaken in 58/138 (42 %) events with a median 60 s required per action. Four RLN palsies (3 transient, 1 permanent) occurred: one in case of CIONM malfunction, two sudden without any significant previous CIONM event, and one without any CIONM event. The APS vagus electrode led to temporary damage to the vagus nerve in two patients. Conclusions: CIONM may prevent RLN palsies by timely recognition of imminent nerve lesions. In high-risk endocrine neck surgery, CIONM may, however, be limited in its utility by system malfunction, direct harm to the vagus nerve, and particularly, inability to indicate RLN lesions ahead in time.publishedVersio

The Chemical Sensitivity of Stratospheric Ozone to N₂O and CH₄ through the 21st century

Through the 21st century, global-mean stratospheric ozone abundances are projected to increase due to decreasing chlorine and bromine concentrations (as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol for Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer), and continued CO₂-induced cooling of the stratosphere. Along with CO₂, anthropogenic emissions of the greenhouse gases N₂O and CH₄ are projected to increase, thus increasing their atmospheric concentrations. Consequently, reactive nitrogen species produced from N₂O and reactive hydrogen species produced from CH₄ are expected to play an increasingly important role in determining stratospheric ozone concentrations. Chemistry-climate model simulations were performed using the NIWA-SOCOL (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research - SOlar Climate Ozone Links) model, which tracks the contributions to ozone loss from a prescribed set of catalytic cycles, including the ozone-depleting nitrogen and hydrogen cycles, over latitude, longitude, pressure and time. The results provide a comprehensive picture of how stratospheric ozone may evolve through the 21st century under a range of greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, and quantitatively extend concepts that had previously been understood only qualitatively