The Impact Of Skills And Training Interventions On The Unemployed: Phase II Report

This report is the latest in a series of studies that analyse the returns to FE learning using matched ILR-WPLS administrative data. A recent study in this series (Bibby et. al. 2014) uses the matched data to produce robust estimates of the labour market returns to achievement of learning aims whilst studying in English Further Education (FE), relative to those who have the same highest learning aim, but do not achieve. Whilst survey-based studies had suggested that some vocational qualifications (for instance, NVQ2) were associated with negligible, or even negative, earnings returns; Bibby et. al find that FE qualifications are associated with good labour market returns. The authors provide compelling evidence that the previous less favourable findings at Level 2 were a result of data limitations, rather than truly insignificant value added. This report investigates labour market returns for a specific subgroup within the wider populations that form the focus of study within this ongoing programme of research. We identify the returns to FE Learning for the unemployed in England. For this study it is essential to use an approach to estimation of value added that is appropriate for learning at Level 2 and below, as many of the interventions targeted at the unemployed are at this level

Under the radar? 'Soft' residential densification in England, 2001-2011

Urban compaction policies have been widely adopted in developed countries in pursuit of more sustainable cities. Compactness is achieved through a process of ‘densification’, of developing and using land and buildings more intensively. However, empirical evidence on the processes and outcomes of urban densification is lacking. The paper addresses this lacuna. It considers densification in England, a country that has long experience of applying policies of urban containment and consolidation; and one where new data sources allow the analysis of recent land use change at a level of detail not hitherto possible. In England between 2001 and 2011 the bulk of additional dwellings were accommodated within urban areas, increasing their density. Yet there were wide inter- and intra-regional variations in the pattern of densification: for example, in the contributions of large scale, formal development and of small scale, informal, gradual change – of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ densification – to the process. The significant differences in local experiences of densification that result raise major issues for policy

A downward revision to the distance of the 1806-20 cluster and associated magnetar from Gemini near-Infrared spectroscopy

We present H- and K-band spectroscopy of OB and Wolf-Rayet (WR) members of the Milky Way cluster 1806-20 (G10.0-0.3), to obtain a revised cluster distance of relevance to the 2004 giant flare from the SGR 1806-20 magnetar. From GNIRS spectroscopy obtained with Gemini South, four candidate OB stars are confirmed as late O/early B supergiants, while we support previous mid WN and late WC classifications for two WR stars. Based upon an absolute Ks-band magnitude calibration for B supergiants and WR stars, and near-IR photometry from NIRI at Gemini North plus archival VLT/ISAAC datasets, we obtain a cluster distance modulus of 14.7+/-0.35 mag. The known stellar content of the 1806-20 cluster suggests an age of 3-5 Myr, from which theoretical isochrone fits infer a distance modulus of 14.7+/-0.7 mag. Together, our results favour a distance modulus of 14.7+/-0.4 mag (8.7^+1.8_-1.5 kpc) to the 1806-20 cluster, which is significantly lower than the nominal 15 kpc distance to the magnetar. For our preferred distance, the peak luminosity of the December 2004 giant flare is reduced by a factor of three to 7 X 10^46 erg/s, such that the contamination of BATSE short gamma ray bursts (GRB's) from giant flares of extragalactic magnetars is reduced to a few percent. We infer a magnetar progenitor mass of ~48^+20_-8 Msun, in close agreement with that obtained recently for the magnetar in Westerlund 1.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for MNRAS Letter

Contamination of short GRBs by giant magnetar flares: significance of downwards revision in distance to SGR 1806-20

We highlight how the downward revision in the distance to the star cluster associated with SGR1806-20 by Bibby et al. reconciles the apparent low contamination of BATSE short GRBs by intense flares from extragalactic magnetars without recourse to modifying the frequency of one such flare per 30 years per Milky Way galaxy. We also discuss the variety in progenitor initial masses of magnetars based upon cluster ages, ranging from ~50 Msun for SGR 1806-20 and 1E 1647-455 in Westerlund 1 to ~15 Msun for SGR 1900+14 and presumably 1E 1841-045 if it originated from one of the massive RSG clusters #2 or #3

Pre-clinical evaluation of a novel chloroethylating agent, Clomesone.

The in vitro activity of the novel chloroethylating agent, Clomesone, was investigated in a panel of established murine and human tumour cell lines. In vivo anti-tumour activity was examined against three transplantable adenocarcinomas of the mouse colon and in vivo bone marrow toxicity was assessed using a spleen colony forming unit assay. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of the drug in vivo and drug stability in vitro was analysed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Clomesone exhibited no activity in vitro against the majority of cell lines derived from solid human colorectal carcinomas. Anti-tumour activity against the murine tumours in vivo was not impressive and was accompanied by myelosuppression. Pharmacokinetic data suggested that the lack of in vivo activity was due to the failure to achieve effective anti-neoplastic drug concentrations at the tumour site. It was concluded that this study found no evidence to suggest that Clomesone was toxicologically more selective than the chloroethylnitrosoureas

Factors involved in the anti-cancer activity of the investigational agents LM985 (flavone acetic acid ester) and LM975 (flavone acetic acid).

LM985 has been shown previously to hydrolyse to flavone acetic acid (LM975) in mouse plasma and to produce significant anti-tumour effects in transplantable mouse colon tumours (MAC). It has undergone Phase I clinical trials and dose limiting toxicity was acute reversible hypotension. Substantially higher doses of LM975 can be given clinically without dose limiting toxicity. We have investigated the activity of LM975 against a panel of MAC tumours and also the in vitro cytotoxicity of both LM985 and LM975 in two cell lines derived from MAC tumours. LM985 is considerably more cytotoxic than LM975 in vitro but increased length of exposure to LM975 results in improved activity. Single in vivo injection of LM975 showed no activity against the ascitic tumour MAC 15A, moderate activity against the s.c. poorly differentiated tumour MAC 13 and produced a significant growth delay in the well differentiated MAC 26. These latter responses were considerably enhanced by repeated injection 7 days later. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice following i.p. injection of LM985 demonstrated rapid degradation of LM985 to LM975 in the peritoneum. Length of exposure as well as drug concentration appear important factors in determining anti-tumour responses

In vitro activity of the novel indoloquinone EO-9 and the influence of pH on cytotoxicity.

The novel indoloquinone compound EO-9 is shortly to undergo phase I clinical evaluation as a potential bioreductive drug. Preclinical studies have shown that EO-9 has greater activity against cells derived from human solid tumours than leukaemias in vitro. The results of this study extend the preclinical data available on EO-9 by demonstrating that EO-9 induces a broad spectrum of activity (IC50 values range from 8 to 590 ng ml-1) against a panel of human and murine tumour cell lines. Some evidence exists of selectivity towards leukaemia and human colon cell lines as opposed to murine colon cells. The response of cells to Mitomycin C were not comparable to EO-9 suggesting that the mechanism of action of these compounds is different. The cytotoxic properties of EO-9 under aerobic conditions are significantly influenced by extracellular pH. Reduction of pH from 7.4 to 5.8 increases cell kill from 40% to 95% in DLD-1 cells. In addition, EO-9 is unstable at acidic pH (T1/2 = 37 min at pH 5.5) compared to neutral pH T1/2 = 6.3 h). The major breakdown product in vitro was identified as EO-5A which proved relatively inactive compared to EO-9 (IC50 = 50 and 0.6 ug ml-1 respectively). These studies suggest that if EO-9 can be delivered to regions of low pH within solid tumours, a therapeutic advantage may be obtained