Dynamics of the loss and emergence of volatile compounds during the concentration of cashew apple juice (Anacardium occidentale L.) and the impact on juice sensory quality

AbstractConcentrating cashew apple juice alters the beverage aroma and flavor, compromising consumer acceptability of the concentrated beverage. To understand the mechanisms involved in these changes, this research characterized the dynamics of the loss and emergence of volatile compounds during cashew apple juice concentration, reporting their impact on beverage sensory quality. Fresh cashew apple juice (10.3°Brix) was concentrated in a thermal-siphon type evaporator operating in a closed system. Five samples were taken throughout the concentration process with the following soluble solids contents: 11.8°Brix, 14.9°Brix, 20.2°Brix, 29.6°Brix and 42.1°Brix. Trained judges rated the aroma note intensities, described as “fresh cashew apple” and “cooked” as perceived in the fresh and concentrated beverages. The headspace volatiles of the six samples were identified and quantified by GC–MS. The results indicated the esters as the major component in the fresh juice (226.46μgkg−1) representing 45.0% of the total mass of volatiles, followed by the terpenes (118.98μgkg−1), acids (45.23μgkg−1), aldehydes (39.10μgkg−1), alcohols (18.91μgkg−1), lactones (19.15μgkg−1), hydrocarbons (18.02μgkg−1) and ketones (11.05μgkg−1). Predictive statistical models (R2>0.956, p≤0.002) revealed that on reaching 14.9°Brix, the ester concentration declined more than 90%, the terpene content almost 100%, alcohols 85%, aldehydes 80% and hydrocarbons 90%. At 14.9°Brix, the intensity of “fresh cashew apple” aroma still predominated in the juice, but the panelists detected the presence of a weak “cooked” aroma. Concentration of the beverage to 20.2°Brix or above expressively increased the cooked aroma intensity and the concentration of hydrocarbons, alcohols and some aldehydes usually associated with off-flavors such as pentanal and decanal. This raises the possibility that some of these compounds might have been formed during juice processing. Juice with better sensory quality could possibly be obtained by concentrating the beverage to levels below 20.2°Brix, recovering the esters that evaporated off the juice until ~15°Brix is reached, and re-adding them to the juice concentrated

Evolution of anthocyanin content during grape ripening and characterization of the phenolic profile of the resulting wine by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography

The typical phenolic profile in grapes is characterized by its complexity both in terms of number of diverse chemical structures and their variation during ripening. Besides, the specific phenolic composition of grapes directly influences the presence of those components in the resulting wine. In this contribution, a new method based on the application of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry has been developed to obtain the typical phenolic profile of Malbec grapes cultivated in Brazil. Moreover, the method has been demonstrated to be useful to study how the phenolic composition in grapes evolved during a 10-week ripening period. Main detected compounds in grapes and in the wine derived from them were anthocyanins, although a good number of polymeric flavan-3-ols were also tentatively identified, among other compounds. Results show how the amount of anthocyanins present in grapes was increased during ripening up to 5–6 weeks and then decreased towards week 9. The two-dimensional approach applied was demonstrated to be useful for the characterization of the complex phenolic profile of these samples, involving more than 40 different structures and has the potential to be further applied to the study of this important fraction is different grapes and wines systematically

Effects of soil and vineyard characteristics on volatile, phenolic composition and sensory profile of Cabernet Sauvignon wines of Campanha Gaúcha

The influence of vineyard on wines was evaluated for the first time using a broader analytical approach: sensory analyses and several analytical techniques (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC flame ionization detection (FID), GC-olfactometry-Osme technique (GC-O-Osme), GC × GC-MS), taking into account odoriferous compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Sensory attributes were correlated to the concentration of volatiles and also to favorable climate/solar exposition, less clayey/lower organic matter soil, and lower vegetative growth of one out of five vineyards, C1. Among 30 coelutions in GC-MS, 12 involved some of the odoriferous volatiles and GC × GC-MS was required to elucidate their identities. Higher concentrations of ethyl propanoate and diacetyl (related with red fruits/aromatic intensity) and of acetoin (aroma of dry fruits, but coeluted with octanal in first dimension (1D), which presents green odor) were found in C1 wine. It was also correlated with positive appearance attributes, gustatory persistence, body, smell and taste harmony, as well as with higher concentrations of phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, stilbenes, and flavanols

Syzygium cumini Nectar Supplementation Reduced Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, Muscle Damage, and Improved Psychological Response in Highly Trained Young Handball Players

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Syzygium cumini (SC) nectar supplementation on performance, markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and psychological response in Handball players. Twenty-five young athletes (age = 18.6 ± 2.4 years) from an elite high school national level Brazilian Handball team were randomized into two study groups: SC/Jamelon nectar (SC, n = 12) and placebo (n = 13). The subjects ingested 10 mL/kg/day of Jamelon nectar or placebo 30 min before the training sessions and immediately after training cessation, for 28 days. Body mass index (BMI) and percentage of fat mass were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured by lipid peroxidation, which was quantified by malondialdehyde (MDA). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), creatine kinase (CK) activity, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. The 20 m shuttle run test, vertical jump, and running anaerobic sprint test were assessed to verify performance and the fatigue index was calculated. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire was used for psychological evaluation. Both groups demonstrated improved vertical jump performance and a decreased fatigue index over time but without significant differences between them regarding performance. There was statistically significance only for SC in CK, LDH, and MDA, and TAC was greater in the SC compared to placebo. Furthermore, only the SC group demonstrated improved mood disturbance and confusion after the intervention. In conclusion, the present study suggests that SC nectar supplementation reduced biomarkers of oxidative stress and muscle damage, and improved psychological response in young handball players

Dynamics of the losses and formation of volatile compounds during the concentration of cashew-apple juice (Anacardium Occidental L.) and impact on the sensory profile of the beverage

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da SilvaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: O suco concentrado de caju apresenta grande potencial de mercado, mas tem sua receptividade prejudicada em decorrência da perda, por evaporação ou degradação, de compostos voláteis importantes para o aroma e sabor da bebida. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: conhecer a dinâmica da perda e formação de voláteis durante a concentração do suco de caju por evaporação, avaliar o impacto dessas alterações sobre o perfil sensorial da bebida ao longo do processo de concentração, e identificar a importância odorífera dos voláteis perdidos e formados. Suco fresco de caju (clone CCP76) foi concentrado de 10,3°Brix a 42,1°Brix em evaporador piloto tipo termo-sifão, operando em sistema fechado, com vácuo de 700mmHg e com vapor a 110oC. Ao longo do processo de concentração cinco amostras de suco foram recolhidas. Seus teores de sólidos solúveis foram de 11,8°Brix, 14,9°Brix, 20,2°Brix, 29,6°Brix e 42,1°Brix. Os voláteis do suco fresco e das cinco amostras de suco concentrado foram extraídos por método de enriquecimento dos vapores do headspace em armadilha contendo polímero poroso (Porapak®), procedendo-se duas horas de captura sob vácuo de 70mmHg, e eluição dos voláteis capturados em acetona. Os voláteis foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e quantificados por padronização externa, utilizando-se 12 padrões de diferentes classes químicas. A importância odorífera dos voláteis presentes nos isolados do suco fresco e do suco concentrado a 42,1°Brix foi avaliada pela técnica de cromatografia gasosa-olfatometria (CG-O) Osme. O perfil sensorial do suco fresco e das cinco amostras de suco concentrado foi gerado pela técnica de Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ®). Os dados sensoriais foram analisados por ANOVA, Tukey (p=0,05) e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Modelos preditivos gerados para avaliar a dinâmica da perda e formação de ésteres, terpenos, álcoois, aldeídos, cetonas e hidrocarbonetos ao longo da concentração do suco de caju, indicaram que logo na primeira etapa de concentração, quando o suco foi concentrado até 11,8°Brix, foram perdidos aproximadamente 95% dos terpenos, 85% dos ácidos e cerca de 50% das cetonas e aldeídos. Já na segunda etapa do processamento, quando a bebida foi concentrada até 14,9°Brix, foram perdidos mais de 90% dos ésteres inicialmente presente no suco fresco, 85% dos álcoois e 90% dos hidrocarbonetos. Quando o suco atingiu 20,2°Brix, o conteúdo de álcoois e principalmente de hidrocarbonetos passou a aumentar, sugerindo uma possível formação de voláteis dessas classes químicas nas etapas finais de concentração do suco. Alterações significativas no perfil sensorial ocorreram a partir da concentração do suco acima de 20,2°Brix, com destaque para o aumento na intensidade de aroma e sabor cozido, aroma e sabor passado, aroma e gosto doce e redução de aroma e sabor de caju fresco. A análise CG-olfatometrica e correlações entre os dados instrumentais e sensoriais identificaram os seguintes voláteis como marcadores potenciais da intensidade de aroma e sabor de caju fresco na bebida: isovalerato de metila, 2-metil-butanoato de etila, butanoato de etila, isovalerato de etila, hexanoato de etila, butanoato de metila, 2-metil-butanoato de metila e 2-metilene-butanoato de etila. Por sua vez, os voláteis pentanal, tolueno, salicilato de homomentila, psi-cumeno e acetato de 1-metil-hexila correlacionaram-se positivamente com intensidade dos aromas e sabores de cozido e passado no suco de caju. De um modo geral, a perda de ésteres e terpenos ao longo da concentração do suco, associada ao aumento dos níveis de hidrocarbonetos promoveu alterações drásticas no perfil sensorial do suco concentrado. Uma adequada recuperação dos terpenos e ésteres evaporados no inicio do processo de concentração, seguida da sua reincorporação ao suco processado seria uma solução para a melhoria da qualidade sensorial do suco concentrado por evaporaçãoAbstract: Concentrated cashew apple juice shows considerable market potential, but its acceptability is affected by the loss of volatile compounds of importance to the aroma and flavor of the beverage, due to evaporation or degradation. The objectives of this research were: understand the dynamics of the loss and formation of volatiles during the concentration of cashew apple juice by evaporative concentration, evaluate the impact of these alterations on the sensory profile of the beverage throughout the concentration process, and identify the odiferous importance of the lost and formed volatiles. Fresh cashew-apple juice (clone CCP76) at 10.3ºBrix were concentrated to 42.1ºBrix in a pilot thermo-syphon type evaporator operating in a closed system with 700mmHg of vacuum and steam at 110ºC. Five juice samples were taken throughout the concentration process and were found to contain the following soluble solids contents: 11.8°Brix, 14.9°Brix, 20.2°Brix, 29.6°Brix and 42.1°Brix. The volatiles of the fresh juice and of the five concentrated samples were extracted from the headspaces for two hours using a vapor enrichment method with a trap containing the porous polymer Porapak® under a vacuum of 70mmHg, followed by elution of the trapped volatiles into acetone. The volatiles were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified by external standardization using 12 standards of different chemical classes. The odoriferous importance of the volatiles present in the isolates from the fresh juice and from that concentrated to 42.1ºBrix were evaluated by the Osme gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) technique. The sensory profiles of the fresh juice and of the five samples of concentrated juice were generated by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®). The sensory data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey (p=0.05) and by the Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Predictive models generated to evaluate the dynamic of the loss and formation of esters, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons during concentration of the cashew-apple juice indicated that in the first step of concentration, when the juice was concentrated to 11.8ºBrix, approximately 95% of the terpenes were lost, 85% of the acids, about 50% of the ketones and aldehydes. In the second processing step when the beverage was concentrated to 14.9ºBrix, more than 90% of the esters initially present in the fresh juice were lost, more than 90% of the hydrocarbons and 85% of the alcohols. When the juice reached 20.2ºBrix, the content of alcohols and principally that of hydrocarbons starting increasing again, suggesting the formation of volatiles from these chemical classes in the final juice concentration steps. Significant changes in the sensory profile occurred when the juice was concentrated to 20.2ºBrix or above, highlighting increases in the cooked flavor and aroma, overripe flavor and aroma and sweet flavors and aromas, with reductions in the fresh cashew apple flavor and aroma. The GC-olfactometry analysis plus correlations between the instrumental and sensory data identified the following volatiles as potential markers of the intensity of fresh cashew apple flavor and aroma in the beverage: methyl isovalerate, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl isovalerate, ethyl hexanoate, methyl butanoate, methyl 2-methyl butanoate and ethyl 2-methylene- butanoate. On the other hand, the volatiles pentanal, toluene, homomenthyl salicylate, psi-cumene and 1-methyl-hexyl acetate correlated positively with the intensities of the cooked and overripe aromas and flavors of cashew apple juice. In general it can be conclude that the loss of esters and terpenes during concentration of the juice, associated with the increase in hydrocarbons resulted in drastic changes in the sensory profile of the concentrated juice. One possible solution for improvement of the sensory quality of the concentrated juice could be an adequate recovery of the terpenes and esters evaporated off at the start of the concentration process by evaporation, followed by their reincorporation into the processed juiceDoutoradoConsumo e Qualidade de AlimentosDoutora em Alimentos e Nutriçã

Red table wine produced in São Paulo state : characterization of the manufacturing process, chemical parameters, sensory profile and acceptability

Orientadores: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da Silva, Flavia Maria NettoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: No Estado de São Paulo, a produção de vinhos de mesa de uvas americanas e/ou híbridas, supera grandemente a de uva Vitis vinífera. No entanto, pouco conhecimento se tem sobre a tecnologia de fabricação utilizada para a elaboração desses vinhos no Estado de São Paulo, seu nível de segurança, perfil sensorial e aceitabilidade entre os consumidores paulistas. Assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi caracterizar o processo de fabricação das vinícolas paulistas, avaliar o nível de implantação de sistemas básicos da qualidade e as condições higiênico-sanitárias destas vinícolas, caracterizar o perfil sensorial, a aceitação e parâmetros físico-químicos dos vinhos tintos por elas produzidos. Para a realização desse trabalho, após convite, foram selecionadas para participar da pesquisa 10 vinícolas artesanais e industriais do Estado de São Paulo. Todas encaminharam um de seus vinhos tintos secos para análises físico-químicas e sensoriais, os quais, em sua maioria, eram elaborados a partir de uvas americanas e/ou híbridas, e pertenciam à safra 2006. Sete dessas dez vinícolas foram selecionadas para participar da pesquisa de campo, por meio da qual, caracterizou-se as etapas de elaboração dos vinhos, desde o cultivo das uvas até o engarrafamento da bebida. Durante a visita, foi também preenchida a lista de verificação (check list) da legislação vigente brasileira, de forma a avaliar o cumprimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) e dos Procedimentos Operacionais Padronizados (POP¿s), bem como das condições higiênico-sanitárias dessas vinícolas. Através de Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ®), uma equipe de 12 julgadores selecionados e treinados desenvolveu a terminologia sensorial descritiva e o perfil sensorial dos vinhos. A intensidade de cada descritor foi avaliada em seis repetições para cada amostra, através de uma escala não estruturada de nove centímetros, ancorada em seus extremos com os termos de intensidade "fraco" e "forte". Os dados descritivos foram analisados por Análise de Variância (ANOVA), teste de médias Tukey (p= 5%) e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Na sequência, 120 consumidores de vinhos tintos secos avaliaram através de escala hedônica híbrida, cada uma das dez amostras com relação a aparência, impressão global, aroma e sabor. Os dados afetivos foram analisados através de Mapa de Preferência Interno (MDPREF), ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p= 5%) para comparação das médias. Os vinhos foram também caracterizados quanto ao: teor de açúcares redutores, sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), compostos fenólicos totais, acidez total, acidez volátil, dióxido de enxofre livre, pH, graduação alcoólica, extrato seco e extrato seco reduzido, relação álcool/ extrato seco reduzido (p/p) e metanol. Os resultados físico-químicos foram também analisados por ANOVA e teste de médias de Tukey (p = 5%). Os parâmetros químicos dos vinhos avaliados, em geral, enquadraram-se nos Padrões de Identidade e Qualidade (PIQ¿s) estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Entretanto, de um modo geral, as vinícolas visitadas demonstraram estar em condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias; apenas um estabelecimento foi classificado no Grupo 1, atendendo a mais de 76% dos itens da lista de verificação. As amostras apresentaram perfis sensoriais bastante distintos entre si, diferindo significativamente (p = 0,05) com relação à maioria dos 33 descritores desenvolvidos através da análise descritiva, quais sejam: cor roxa, cor vermelha/rubi, viscosidade aparente e translucidez; notas aromáticas de uva, suco de uva, doce, amadeirado, alcoólico, frutas secas, frutas vermelhas, ácido, fermento, cogumelo, enxofre, chá, floral cítrico, floral não cítrico e vegetativo; notas de sabores descritas como uva, suco de uva, gosto doce, amadeirado, alcoólico, frutas secas, frutas vermelhas, ácido acético, gosto azedo, gosto amargo, semente e fermentado; além de sensações bucais de corpo e adstringência. Com relação aos seus perfis sensoriais, os vinhos segmentaram-se principalmente em função do varietal das uvas utilizadas na elaboração dos mesmos, a despeito das bebidas terem sido elaboradas por diferentes vinícolas, processos, etc. Vinhos elaborados a partir de uvas Bordô apresentaram notas mais intensas de aromas e sabores frutados (uva, suco de uva e frutas vermelhas) aroma e gosto doce, e aroma floral não cítrico (notadamente aroma de rosas); notas sensoriais realmente esperadas em vinhos de mesa de uvas americanas e/ou híbridas. Destacaram-se na preferência dos consumidores um vinho elaborado com o varietal Seibel 2 (¿Corbina¿), e vários contendo uvas BordôAbstract: In the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, the production of table wine from American and/or hybrid grapes strongly surpasses the production from Vitis Vinifera grape varieties. However, in this State, there is little knowledge regarding the technology used to manufacture these wines, their level of food safety, sensory profiles and acceptability among the Brazilian consumers. Thus, the objectives of the present research were to characterize the manufacturing processes used by Sao Paulo¿s wineries, analyzing their quality control systems, sanitary conditions and their wines sensory profile, acceptance and chemical parameters. Thus, ten wineries joined the research, sending for analysis, a sample of their dry red table wine, from the 2006's crop. The majority of the wines were produced from hybrid or American grapes. Seven of the ten wineries were visited and all stages of their production plant was inspected, from the grapes plantation to the wine bottling. A checklist was filled out in order to verify the wineries performance regarding procedures of ¿Good Manufacturing Practices¿ (GMP) and Standard Operational Procedures (POP¿s), as well as sanitary conditions. Using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, 12 trained panelists developed the wines lexicon and sensory profiles. Panelists rated the intensity of each attribute, using a 9 cm non-structure scale, anchored in its left and right extremes with terms ¿weak¿ and ¿strong¿ respectively. Each wine was evaluated in six replications by each panelist. The resulting data was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test (p = 5%), and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Sequentially, 120 consumers evaluated the overall liking of all ten wines, using a hybrid hedonic scale. Additionally, the consumers evaluated how much they like/disliked the sample¿s appearance, aroma and flavor. The affective data was analyzed through the Internal Preference Map (MDPREF), ANOVA and Tukey test (p= 5%). Finally, the wines were analyzed with respect to reducing sugars, pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, total phenols, free sulphur dioxide, pH, methanol, soluble solids (oBrix), total solids, alcohol content and methanol content. The physical-chemical results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p = 5%). Overall, the wines chemical parameters complied with the Brazilian legislation for red table wine. Nevertheless, several wineries showed substandard sanitary conditions. The wines possessed very distinct sensory profiles, differing significantly among them (p = 5%) in most of the 33 descriptors, such as: purple color, red/ruby color, visual viscosity; aroma and/or flavor notes of grape, sweet, woody, alcohol, dried fruit, berry, sour, yeasty, mushroom, sulfur, tea, floral citrus, rose and vegetative among others. Despite the fact that production had taken place at different wineries using different processes, wines produced from the same varietals showed similar sensory profiles, The wines produced with Ives (Bordô) grapes showed highest intensities of fruity aroma and flavor (grape, juice grape and berry fruit), sweet aroma and taste and rose aroma; all sensory attributes expected in wines produced from American and/or hybrid grapes. Among the ten wines evaluated, the consumers preferred one sample produced from Seibel 2 variety (¿Corbina¿) and the wines made from Ives (Bordô) grapesMestradoConsumo e Qualidade de AlimentosMestre em Alimentos e Nutriçã

Adaptation of an olfactometric system in a GC-FID in combination with GCxGC/MS to evaluate odor-active compounds of wine

A step-by-step approach to easily adapt and use a GC-FID as an olfactometer, as well as a detailed description of acquisition and interpretation of olfactometric data by the OSME (from the Greek word for odor, ὀσμή) method. A Merlot wine was used to exemplifly this strategy and its volatiles were characterized, rendering 43 volatiles in 1D-GC/MS and 142 in GCxGC/MS. GC-O showed the presence of 24 odor-active compounds and GCxGC/MS indicated aditional 14 odor-active compounds, which were found as coelutions. Six compounds (isoamyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, 3-methylthio-1-propanol, carvone, benzyl alcohol and nonanoic acid) were described in 1D-GC-O analyses as having distinct odors by the same and by different assessors. This fact indicated the presence of coeluting bands, which were resolved by GCxGC/MS. The adapted GC-O in combination with the use of GCxGC/MS may be a tool to more accurate investigation of the odor-active compounds of wine

Central composite rotatable design approach to optimize ‘Italia’ raisin drying conditions

Considering its high demand and limited production, raisin represents an important alternative to diversify grape processed products around the world. The aim of this study was to determine the best combination between drying temperature and time required to reach the highest consumer acceptance of ‘Italia’ raisin produced in the semi-arid climate in Brazil. The drying conditions were combinations between drying temperatures of 50, 56, 70, 84 and 90°C and drying times of 16, 22, 35, 48 and 54 hours, following a central composite rotational design (CCRD). The best combination between drying temperature and time was estimated to be 70°C for 35 hours (h), based on overall consumer acceptance. According to the statistical analysis used, drying at 70 °C for 35h and at 59 °C for 28h results in equal overall consumer acceptance, being the second option the more economical. Taste and texture, raisin chroma values and pH were more positively correlated to overall acceptance. The results indicate that drying at 59ºC for 28 h is the most efficient drying condition for raisins from ‘Italia’ grapes grown in Brazilian semi-arid condition. This study uses a new approach based on the central composite rotatable design to determine the most efficient drying temperature and time for ‘Italia’ raisins.Considering its high demand and limited production, raisin represents an important alternative to diversify grape processed products around the world. The aim of this study was to determine the best combination between drying temperature and time required to reach the highest consumer acceptance of ‘Italia’ raisin produced in the semi-arid climate in Brazil. The drying conditions were combinations between drying temperatures of 50, 56, 70, 84 and 90°C and drying times of 16, 22, 35, 48 and 54 hours, following a central composite rotational design (CCRD). The best combination between drying temperature and time was estimated to be 70°C for 35 hours (h), based on overall consumer acceptance. According to the statistical analysis used, drying at 70 °C for 35h and at 59 °C for 28h results in equal overall consumer acceptance, being the second option the more economical. Taste and texture, raisin chroma values and pH were more positively correlated to overall acceptance. The results indicate that drying at 59ºC for 28 h is the most efficient drying condition for raisins from ‘Italia’ grapes grown in Brazilian semi-arid condition. This study uses a new approach based on the central composite rotatable design to determine the most efficient drying temperature and time for ‘Italia’ raisins

Acceptability and preference drivers of red wines produced from vitis labrusca and hybrid grapes

Wines produced from non-Vitis vinifera varieties have great economic importance in Brazil and represent more than 80% of the national production, but scientific information regarding the quality of these wines is rare. The objective of this research was to determine consumer acceptability, the sensory profile and the chemical composition of the most consumed Brazilian red wines produced with Vitis labrusca and promising hybrid varieties, identifying the parameters that drive the preference of consumers. Commercial wines collected directly from different wineries were evaluated regarding their overall acceptance by 120 consumers. Twelve trained panelists developed the sensory profile of the wines using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). Physicochemical analyses carried out to determine the pH, titratable and volatile acidity, total solids, alcohol degree, total phenolics, free SO2 and the reducing sugar contents of the wines. The data was analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test, Internal Preference Mapping (MDPREF), Cluster analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Square regression (PLS), and Extended Internal Preference Map (EPM). In general wines produced from Ives (V. labrusca) grape showed higher aroma/flavor notes described as sweet, grape, grape juice, blackberry and roses. The wines produced from the hybrid grape Máximo differed from those elaborated with the variety Ives, especially due to their higher intensity of earthy/mushroom, vegetative/green beans, woody and yeast sensory notes. The PLS and EPM analyses indicated that fruity notes associated with the aroma and flavor of grape and grape juice were sensory drivers of Brazilian consumers' preference. On the other hand, the majority of the consumers did not like the sensory notes described as earthy/mushroom, vegetative/green beans and yeast found in the wines produced from Máximo. The wine elaborated exclusively with the hybrid Seibel 2 and the wine containing the V. labrusca grapes Ives and Isabella were preferred by the majority of the consumers and only a minor segment of consumers appreciated the wines elaborated solely with Máximo grape. Thus the hybrid grape Seibel 2 and the recently developed hybrid Máximo were shown to be promising varieties for the winemaking of quality wines in Brazilian regions where the environmental conditions are not good for the cultivation of V. vinifera varieties62456466CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ131017/2006-