Synthesis and crystal structure of N-6-[(4-pyridylamino) carbonyl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester zinc complex

A reaction between monoamide ligand namely N-6-[(4-pyridylamino)carbonyl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (L4) and zinc chloride has been attempted in order to generate a carboxylate complex suitable for anion inclusion. This reaction gives rise to a formation of discrete complex with general formula [ZnCl2(L4)2]. Complex [ZnCl2(L4)2] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/c, with one zinc(II) center, one molecule of ligand L4, one coordinated chloride and one methanol molecule in the asymmetric unit. The extended structure of this molecule shows that the zinc atom is coordinated by four donors: two L4 and two chloride anions. The zinc atom adopts distorted tetrahedral geometry with the angles between the donors in the range 103.62(11)-122.74(8)°. In this study, the amide cavity is bound with methanol through hydrogen-bonding interactions. The methanol molecules is hydrogen bonded to the amide moiety with bond lengths O30-H8···O12 and N17-H17···O30 of 1.988 and 2.078 Å, respectively

Size Doesn't Matter: Towards a More Inclusive Philosophy of Biology

notes: As the primary author, O’Malley drafted the paper, and gathered and analysed data (scientific papers and talks). Conceptual analysis was conducted by both authors.publication-status: Publishedtypes: ArticlePhilosophers of biology, along with everyone else, generally perceive life to fall into two broad categories, the microbes and macrobes, and then pay most of their attention to the latter. ‘Macrobe’ is the word we propose for larger life forms, and we use it as part of an argument for microbial equality. We suggest that taking more notice of microbes – the dominant life form on the planet, both now and throughout evolutionary history – will transform some of the philosophy of biology’s standard ideas on ontology, evolution, taxonomy and biodiversity. We set out a number of recent developments in microbiology – including biofilm formation, chemotaxis, quorum sensing and gene transfer – that highlight microbial capacities for cooperation and communication and break down conventional thinking that microbes are solely or primarily single-celled organisms. These insights also bring new perspectives to the levels of selection debate, as well as to discussions of the evolution and nature of multicellularity, and to neo-Darwinian understandings of evolutionary mechanisms. We show how these revisions lead to further complications for microbial classification and the philosophies of systematics and biodiversity. Incorporating microbial insights into the philosophy of biology will challenge many of its assumptions, but also give greater scope and depth to its investigations

Reevaluation of the South Asian MYBPC3Δ25bp Intronic Deletion in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background: The common intronic deletion, MYBPC3Δ25, detected in 4% to 8% of South Asian populations, is reported to be associated with cardiomyopathy, with ≈7-fold increased risk of disease in variant carriers. Here, we examine the contribution of MYBPC3Δ25 to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in a large patient cohort. Methods: Sequence data from 2 HCM cohorts (n=5393) was analyzed to determine MYBPC3Δ25 frequency and co-occurrence of pathogenic variants in HCM genes. Case-control and haplotype analyses were performed to compare variant frequencies and assess disease association. Analyses were also undertaken to investigate the pathogenicity of a candidate variant MYBPC3 c.1224-52G>A. Results: Our data suggest that the risk of HCM, previously attributed to MYBPC3Δ25, can be explained by enrichment of a derived haplotype, MYBPC3Δ25/−52, whereby a small subset of individuals bear both MYBPC3Δ25 and a rare pathogenic variant, MYBPC3 c.1224-52G>A. The intronic MYBPC3 c.1224-52G>A variant, which is not routinely evaluated by gene panel or exome sequencing, was detected in ≈1% of our HCM cohort. Conclusions: The MYBPC3 c.1224-52G>A variant explains the disease risk previously associated with MYBPC3Δ25 in the South Asian population and is one of the most frequent pathogenic variants in HCM in all populations; genotyping services should ensure coverage of this deep intronic mutation. Individuals carrying MYBPC3Δ25 alone are not at increased risk of HCM, and this variant should not be tested in isolation; this is important for the large majority of the 100 million individuals of South Asian ancestry who carry MYBPC3Δ25 and would previously have been declared at increased risk of HCM

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DETECTING AND MEASURING PHENOMENA RELATING TO ALTIMETRIC VARIATIONS IN THE SEAFLOOR

The present invention relates to a system and method for detecting and measuring phenomena relating to altimetric variations in the seafloor. The system (100) according to the present invention comprise an autonomous submarine vehicle (101) equipped with at least one interferometric sonar sensor (102) for sending an acoustic signal towards the seafloor and acquiring the image of the seafloor generated by the reflection of said acoustic signal sent, and is characterized in that it comprises a plurality of elements (103, 103') reflecting the sound waves firmly fixed to the seafloor so as to outline a reference path for the passage of the autonomous submarine vehicle (101). The method (200) according to the present invention comprises the steps consisting of installing (210) a plurality of elements (103, 103') reflecting the sound waves at the seafloor so as to form a reference path for an autonomous submarine vehicle (101) equipped with at least one interferometric sonar sensor (102); passing (220) the autonomous submarine vehicle (101) at a predetermined depth along the reference path formed by the plurality of elements (103, 103') reflecting the sound waves; sending (230) at least one acoustic signal towards the seafloor; acquiring (240) a plurality of images of the seafloor generated by the reflection of the signals sent, the images of the seafloor comprising at least one signal reflected by the reflecting elements (103, 103'); analyzing (260) the images acquired to determine and quantify any possible altimetric variations

Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Background.Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cause of sudden death in the young, although not all patients eligible for sudden death prevention with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator are identified. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has emerged as an in vivo marker of myocardial fibrosis, although its role in stratifying sudden death risk in subgroups of HCM patients remains incompletely understood. Methods and Results.We assessed the relation between LGE and cardiovascular outcomes in 1293 HCM patients referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance and followed up for a median of 3.3 years. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) events (including appropriate defibrillator interventions) occurred in 37 patients (3%). A continuous relationship was evident between LGE by percent left ventricular mass and SCD event risk in HCM patients (P=0.001). Extent of LGE was associated with an increased risk of SCD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.46/10% increase in LGE; P=0.002), even after adjustment for other relevant disease variables. LGE of ≥ 15% of LV mass demonstrated a 2-fold increase in SCD event risk in those patients otherwise considered to be at lower risk, with an estimated likelihood for SCD events of 6% at 5 years. Performance of the SCD event risk model was enhanced by LGE (net reclassification index, 12.9%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3.38.3). Absence of LGE was associated with lower risk for SCD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.39; P=0.02). Extent of LGE also predicted the development of end-stage HCM with systolic dysfunction (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.80/10% increase in LGE; P< 0.03). Conclusions.Extensive LGE measured by quantitative contrast enhanced CMR provides additional information for assessing SCD event risk among HCM patients, particularly patients otherwise judged to be at low risk. © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc

Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Background.Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cause of sudden death in the young, although not all patients eligible for sudden death prevention with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator are identified. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has emerged as an in vivo marker of myocardial fibrosis, although its role in stratifying sudden death risk in subgroups of HCM patients remains incompletely understood. Methods and Results.We assessed the relation between LGE and cardiovascular outcomes in 1293 HCM patients referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance and followed up for a median of 3.3 years. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) events (including appropriate defibrillator interventions) occurred in 37 patients (3%). A continuous relationship was evident between LGE by percent left ventricular mass and SCD event risk in HCM patients (P=0.001). Extent of LGE was associated with an increased risk of SCD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.46/10% increase in LGE; P=0.002), even after adjustment for other relevant disease variables. LGE of 65 15% of LV mass demonstrated a 2-fold increase in SCD event risk in those patients otherwise considered to be at lower risk, with an estimated likelihood for SCD events of 6% at 5 years. Performance of the SCD event risk model was enhanced by LGE (net reclassification index, 12.9%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3.38.3). Absence of LGE was associated with lower risk for SCD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.39; P=0.02). Extent of LGE also predicted the development of end-stage HCM with systolic dysfunction (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.80/10% increase in LGE; P< 0.03). Conclusions.Extensive LGE measured by quantitative contrast enhanced CMR provides additional information for assessing SCD event risk among HCM patients, particularly patients otherwise judged to be at low risk. \ua9 2014 American Heart Association, Inc