HPTLC METHOD VALIDATION FOR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF BETULINIC ACID IN ANCISTROCLADUS HEYNEANUS WALL EX. J. GRAHAM

Objective: The present study aims at standardization of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) parameters and Validation of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method for detection and quantification of Betulinic Acid (BA) in Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall ex. J. Graham. Methods: HPTLC was performed on 20x10 cm HPTLC Plates coated with Silica gel 60 F254 using mobile phase Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Methanol (16:2:2 v/v) and Anisaldehyde Sulphuric acid as derivatizing agent. The double developed plate was scanned at 540 nm for determination of Rf values and absorbance spectra corresponding to each band. The Method Validation was carried out according to ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) guidelines. The standard of Betulinic acid assayed along with sample for determination of concentration of Betulinic acid in stem extract. Results and Discussion: The TLC parameters were standardized and the Rf of BA was determined to be 0.67. The validation data was scrutinized. The values of Linearity (r2> 0.99), Method precision (% RSD=1.41), Intermediate precision (% RSD- 2.55-3.29), Accuracy (% recovery 93.6) were determined. The concentration of Betulinic Acid in the Stem extract of Ancistrocladus heyneanus was found to be 0.05 %. Conclusion: The results of Method Validation obtained found satisfactory and indicate the successful validation of HPTLC method for Quantitative determination of Betulinic Acid (BA) from stem extract of Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall ex. J. Graham

Water Resource Planning Under Future Climate and Socioeconomic Uncertainty in the Cauvery River Basin in Karnataka, India

Decision-Making Under Uncertainty (DMUU) approaches have been less utilized in developing countries than developed countries for water resources contexts. High climate vulnerability and rapid socioeconomic change often characterize developing country contexts, making DMUU approaches relevant. We develop an iterative multi-method DMUU approach, including scenario generation, coproduction with stakeholders and water resources modeling. We apply this approach to explore the robustness of adaptation options and pathways against future climate and socioeconomic uncertainties in the Cauvery River Basin in Karnataka, India. A water resources model is calibrated and validated satisfactorily using observed streamflow. Plausible future changes in Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) precipitation and water demand are used to drive simulations of water resources from 2021 to 2055. Two stakeholder-identified decision-critical metrics are examined: a basin-wide metric comprising legal instream flow requirements for the downstream state of Tamil Nadu, and a local metric comprising water supply reliability to Bangalore city. In model simulations, the ability to satisfy these performance metrics without adaptation is reduced under almost all scenarios. Implementing adaptation options can partially offset the negative impacts of change. Sequencing of options according to stakeholder priorities into Adaptation Pathways affects metric satisfaction. Early focus on agricultural demand management improves the robustness of pathways but trade-offs emerge between intrabasin and basin-wide water availability. We demonstrate that the fine balance between water availability and demand is vulnerable to future changes and uncertainty. Despite current and long-term planning challenges, stakeholders in developing countries may engage meaningfully in coproduction approaches for adaptation decision-making under deep uncertainty

First record of long-tailed pelagic sea slug Stylocheilus longicauda (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from southwest coast of India

The long-tailed sea slug Stylocheilus longicauda was recorded for the first time from southwest coast of India. A single specimen measuring a total length of 70.51mm was collected from a floating bottle, along with bunch of goose-neck barnacles from Arabian sea off Narakkal, Vypeen Island, Kochi. Earlier identifications were made based on the morphology of the animal without resorting to description of radula. This makes it difficult to differentiate the species from Stylocheilus striatus which has similar characters. The present description details the external and radular morphology of Stylocheilus longicauda

Smart Attendance System

N day - to - day lives there are different types of identification system are present For the detection of Animals, students , products and also for transportation. The system like Barcode system, Smart - card and Bio - metric technology are present. As compare to them RFID is faster than barcode and smart card system and cheaper than bio - metric system, Hence we preferred to the RFI D for our Project. Our project is Smart Attendance System using RFID. RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification and Detection. In this we are using RFID reader and passive RFID chips. Reader is located on fixed location sends signal to passive RFID ch ip detected in range of reader. Chip re - transmits the acknowledgement signal with its unique Identifier code, hence chip is identified. Also, a single reader can identify many no of chips in very short period of time. So, we are using these properties of R FID reader and tag to monitor the students

Bacteriological study of surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital at Miraj, Maharashtra state, India

Background: Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the common post-operative complications. Apart from bacterial contamination of wound, various patient and environment related factors play role in development and outcome of SSI. The present study is undertaken to study the frequency of SSI with reference to factors contributing to it and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the causative organisms.Methods: This single-observer, cross-sectional, complete-enumeration prospective study was carried out over a period of one year. 196 pus samples from cases of surgical site infections were processed for gram staining, culture, biochemical identification tests and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were detected by using oxacillin and cefoxitin disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxacillin was tested by broth dilution technique.Results: The overall frequency of SSI was 6.17%. Most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONS), E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The frequency of MRSA was 8.6%. The maximum frequency was among patients operated on emergency basis in surgical department.Conclusions: The most important determinants for SSI were emergency surgery and presence of co-morbid conditions. The frequency of occurrence was age-dependent, with maximum rate of SSI in males and females in the third and sixth decades of life, respectively