On the Clustering of GRBs on the Sky

The two-point correlation of the 4th (current) BATSE catalog (2494 objects) is calculated. It is shown to be consistent with zero at nearly all angular scales of interest. Assuming that GRBs trace the large scale structure in the universe we calculate the angular correlation function for the standard CDM (sCDM) model. It is shown to be $\le 10^{-4}$ at $\theta \simeq 5^\circ$ if the BATSE catalog is assumed to be a volume-limited sample up to $z \simeq 1$. Combined with the error analysis on the BATSE catalog this suggests that nearly $10^5$ GRBs will be needed to make a positive detection of the two-point angular correlation function at this angular scale.Comment: 5 pages, Latex with aipproc.sty, incl. 1 ps-Fig., Proc. of the 5th Huntsville Gamma Ray Burst Symposium, Oct. 1999, ed. R.M. Kippen, AI

A statistical analysis of corpus based approach on learning sentence patterns

This research paper examines the adverse effect of theoretical explanation of the grammatical rules among the learners. Exploration of the methods and materials taught inductively or deductively is the panacea to achieve the required goal. The study throws light on the pedagogical implication of adopting appropriate methods and materials for building the learners’ grammar and language. It primarily intends to explore a new teaching method using language corpora that can be employed in the English grammar classes in colleges at the undergraduate level. It strives to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching sentence patterns through corpus based activities comparing with the traditional based teaching. Thus the methodology aims to encourage students to become independent corpus users

Spontaneous isolated bladder rupture following normal delivery

Spontaneous bladder rupture in a primipara after normal delivery within the first week of puerperium is a rare surgical emergency. The importance of suspecting and recognizing the voiding dysfunction in the postpartum period and early catheterisation to prevent such catastrophe is highlighted in this case report. We report a case of spontaneous intraperitoneal bladder rupture in a 26 year old primipara 3 days after normal delivery of a 3kg baby with episiotomy

Document Indexing Strategies in Big Data A Survey

From past few years, the operations of the Internet have a significant growth and individuals, organizations were unaware of this data explosion. Because of the increasing quantity and diversity of digital documents available to end users, mechanism for their effective and efficient retrieval is given highest importance. One crucial aspect of this mechanism is indexing, which serves to allow documents to be located quickly. The problem is that users want to retrieve on the basis of context, and individual words provide unreliable evidence about the contextual topic or meaning of a document. Hence, the available solutions cannot meet the needs of the growing heterogeneous data in terms of processing. This results in inefficient information retrieval or search query results. The design of indexing strategies that can support this need is required. There are various indexing strategies which are utilized for solving Big Data management issues, and can also serve as a base for the design of more efficient indexing strategies. The aim is to explore document indexing strategy for Big Data manageability. The existing systems like, Latent Semantic Indexing , Inverted Indexing, Semantic indexing and Vector Space Model has their own challenges such as, Demands high computational performance, Consumes more memory Space, Longer data processing time, Limits the search space, will not produce the exact answer, Can present wrong answers due to synonyms and polysemy, approach makes use of formal ontology. This paper will describe and compare the various Indexing techniques and presents the characteristics and challenges involved

A Comparative clinical evaluation of Sirodhara with Sukhosnajala, Tila Tailam and Brahmi Tailam in the management of mild to moderate essential hypertension

In worldwide 25 percentage of population is suffering with Hypertension. As it is an instrumental disease, asymptomatic in nature, it was named as Silent killer. The causative factors of Essential hypertension were Genetic predisposition and environmental factors but these factors are triggered by stress hence it comes under stress related psycho-somatic disorder. In Hypertensive patients, Decrease in 5mm of Hg in SBP and DBP results in decrease in cardiovascular risk, stroke which decreases mortality rate worldwide. The management aspect of modern medical science remains symptomatic with troublesome side effects. The Joint National Committee (JNC 8) guideline advise higher blood pressure goals, less use of several types of antihypertensive medications and suggests lifestyle modification and relaxation are the best initial therapy. In Ayurveda, Shirodhara is one of the panchakarma therapy meant for relaxation and stress reducing procedure mentioned in Dharakalpaas a preventive and curative treatment for many stress related disorders. So, Present study is planned as “A Comparative clinical evaluation of Shirodhara with Sukhos̩n̩ajala, Tila tailam and Brahmitailamin the management of mild to moderate essential hypertension”was selected. This paper is going to describe about conclusion drawn from the study i.e. effect of three types of dhara on Objective parameters SBP, DBP, PP, and MAP

Characterization and Phase Transitions of Bi Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics Prepared through Chemical Route

Nano particulate Barium Bismuth Titanate (BaBixTi1-xO3-õ) materials (with x=0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) were prepared through sol-gel chemical route (Pichini method) and the XRD patterns were indexed on the basis of tetragonal-BaTiO3 phase. In higher Bi-content secondary peak was observed. In the study of lattice parameters, C-parameter is found to be decrease with  Bi-content. With increasing in the Bi-content the percentage of secondary absorption peak is increases. The microstructure of the samples was  investigated by using Scanning electron microscope (DSC). The grain size range was 80 nm for the dried gel powder and 1-1.5 µm for the powder  calcined at . 1150‹C. Infrared (IR) spectrum was recorded at room  temperature with Thermo Nicolet Nexus 670 FTIR spectrometer. The secondary absorption peak observed at 435 cm-1 was found to decrease with Bi-content. In the study of lattice parameters, C-parameter was found to be decrease with Bi-content

Bright Lesion Detection in Color Fundus Images Based on Texture Features

In this paper a computer aided screening system for the detection of bright lesions or exudates using color fundus images is proposed. The proposed screening system is used to identify the suspicious regions for bright lesions. A texture feature extraction method is also demonstrated to describe the characteristics of region of interest. In final stage the normal and abnormal images are classified using Support vector machine classifier. Our proposed system obtained the effective detection performance compared to some of the state–of–art methods

Comparative study of Left Ventricular Function by Echocardiography in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With and Without Retinopathy

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is a disease whose incidence is increasing worldwide and gaining epidemic proportions. Among all its complications, cardiovascular disease is in majority, the frequent reason for mortality. Over the last 30 yrs, numerous statistical, clinical and post-mortem studies have identified diabetic cardiac disease to be a separate clinical variable. Numerous studies have shown diabetes can affect the structure as well as functions of the heart even without conventional threat factors such as coronary artery disease and hypertension. Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been advocated as an independent cardiovascular disease and multiple mechanisms such as microvascular pathology, autonomic dysfunction, disorders in metabolic pathways and interstitial fibrosis have been proposed as causative factors. However, the accurate aetiopathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy is not clear. New studies prove that diseases involving both the microvasculature and macrovasculature are associated with coronary events. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterised by defects in functions of both systole and diastole. Diabetic heart disease’s spectrum progresses from being normal to preclinical dysfunction of diastole and systole, leading to overt echocardiographic indices of evident LV dysfunction and ultimately fully blown heart failure with symptoms. In patients sans overt disease at beginning, the occurrence of subclinical ailment has association with augmented risk of cardiac disease, with the amplified risk of overall death as 3 for men and 1.7 in women. Apart from the mortality, there is impairment of functional capacity as well. After the onset of full blown heart failure signs and symptoms the prognostic prospects are generally worse. Hence, measures to identify risk variables contributing to this burdensome cardiac failure in subjects of diabetes mellitus are crucial in decreasing the associated moribund status. Current statistics from the study of Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) has exhibited a connection involving retinopathy, and heart failure development. The former is a microvascular disease indicator and the latter is traditionally viewed as a macrovascular disease. With more worsening of retinopathy severity, the mass of left ventricles increased, so also that of atrium and the systolic fraction decreased. These findings were found independent of influential confounding variables. Another study namely the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerossis (MESA) also established that retinopathy was coupled with accelerated remodeling of cardiac structures as evidenced by MRI of the heart in diabetic patients. Thus the studies lead to a possible suggestion that there exists a probable microvascular involvement in the concurrence of cardiac dysfunction coupled with diabetes or a potential link between microvascular retinopathy and the so called macrovascular heart disease due to common pathophysiological pathways of both disorders. In an era where both diabetes and heart failure contribute to the overall burden of the medical system, it is prudent to identify abnormalities contributing to the linked association between heart failure and retinopathy. At least, we should trigger evaluation of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients for further cardiac status. And further treatments targeted at the microvascular disease may ultimately decrease macrovascular disease risk as well and that might be greatly beneficial in the vast diabetic population. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare LV function by ECHO in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients with and without retinopathy. 2. To look for possible association between severity of DR and severity of cardiac dysfunction by ECHO, independent of possible confounding factors. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: Study Place: Department of General Medicine, Government Stanley Medical College & Hospital. Study Period: March 2012 to October 2012. Study Design: Nested Case Control Study. Sample size: 100 subjects. Inclusion Criteria: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients attending Government Stanley Medical College and Hospital as Op/Ip. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Previous history of cardiovascular disease. 2. Previous ocular diseases. 3. Concurrent medication with drugs altering cardiac dynamics. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were collected in a preformed proforma. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 11.0 for Windows. Categorical data were expressed as absolute counts and percentages. Continuous data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. For the variables in qualitative form, Chi square and Fisher’s exact test was used in univariate analysis and further multivariate logistic regression was utilised to observe the association between the study variables and outcome. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 100 subjects were included in the study. There were a total of 47 male patients and 53 female patients. A total of 42 subjects were aged above 60 years, the median age was 55.50 years with 95% C.I. being 53.2 to 57.5 years. Sixty five patients (65%) had a duration of diabetes for more than five years. Fifty eight patients (58%) among the study subjects had poor glycemic control. Twenty four patients had comorbid hypertension, 39 patients had additional dyslipidemia. There were in total 18 subjects who gave history of smoking and 13 subjects with history of alcoholism. Two of the study subjects had cerebrovascular accident, 3 had diabetic foot, 1 had peripheral vascular disease, 10 patients had diabetic nephropathy. In addition, two patients had co-existing thyroid disorders. The incidence of diabetic retinopathy was 38% among the study population, and a total of 46% of study subjects had evidence of cardiac dysfunction. Twenty patients had systolic dysfunction, 43 patients had diastolic dysfunction and 17 patients had both. Thirty four of the study subjects with LV dysfunction (LVD) had coexistent diabetic retinopathy (74%). CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic retinopathy had significant association with impaired LV function detected by echocardiography in comparison to those without retinopathy. The severity of retinopathy in these patients correlated with grade of diastolic dysfunction. Diabetic patients who are detected with retinopathy should also be assessed for asymptomatic cardiac involvement. However, there must be studies with a larger sample size and follow up period to know the natural history of cardiac involvement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and trials to study the benefit for cardiac screening in such individuals, before strong recommendations are made