Short Description of Albanian Lexicography

This paper aims at providing a short description on the historical development of the Albanian lexicography. At the very beginning, there were some very simple bilingual dictionaries which mainly served to the day to day communication of Albanian citizens in the USA. At a later stage were published some more professional monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. The development of lexicography as a separate branch helped these compilers in increasing the quality and the expectations of their works. The first very important dictionary of the Albanian lexicography is the monolingual “Albanian Dictionary” compiled by Kostandin Kristoforidhi. This dictionary was followed by some other publications, which with the passing of time, were improved from the lexicological point of view. The bank of headwords was carefully chosen by the respective authors, by reflecting the continuous development of the Albanian language during the years. For the learners of foreign languages bilingual dictionaries are more useful than the monolingual ones. The work of Stuart Mann “A Historical Albanian-English Dictionary” is of a later date, when the Albanian language had many bilingual dictionaries. This paper analyses it into a more detailed approach.Keywords: monolingual dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, headword, lexicography, development

Short Description of Albanian Lexicography

This paper aims at providing a short description on the historical development of the Albanian lexicography. At the very beginning, there were some very simple bilingual dictionaries which mainly served to the day to day communication of Albanian citizens in the USA. At a later stage were published some more professional monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. The development of lexicography as a separate branch helped these compilers in increasing the quality and the expectations of their works. The first very important dictionary of the Albanian lexicography is the monolingual “Albanian Dictionary” compiled by Kostandin Kristoforidhi. This dictionary was followed by some other publications, which with the passing of time, were improved from the lexicological point of view. The bank of headwords was carefully chosen by the respective authors, by reflecting the continuous development of the Albanian language during the years. For the learners of foreign languages bilingual dictionaries are more useful than the monolingual ones. The work of Stuart Mann “A Historical Albanian-English Dictionary” is of a later date, when the Albanian language had many bilingual dictionaries. This paper analyses it into a more detailed approach

The prevalence of spontaneous abortions in UOGH "Queen Geraldine"

Background: Spontaneous abortion refers to the product of fertilized loss before week 20 of pregnancy, when its pregnancy is not caused by external factors. Aim: The aim of our study is to realize the situation researching spontaneous abortions, etiology most vulnerable age and complications. Methodology: The study includes spontaneous abortions applied in the period 2010-2013. From the study of the medical records, we received 1,904 a total who were 15-45 years of age, from the urban, rural areas, and neighboring towns that are addressed in this institution to get proper help. Results: We observed 1,904 cases in total of which 51.70% were from Tirana, and with 51% of women were 25-34 years. The incidence of spontaneous abortion in our country is 5.5% for or approximately 1 to 2 abortions performed in nationally and in SUOGH "Queen Geraldine" is 24.9% or 1 in 40 abortions. Conclusions: Trend of the phenomenon of spontaneous abortion is always growing. The most vulnerable age is 25-34 years as a result of fertility ideal age. The focus of health service participants must be noted on the etiology and capture the situation as early as possible and reduce the number of spontaneous abortions taking appropriate measures in time

The Chromatin Remodeler SPLAYED Regulates Specific Stress Signaling Pathways

Organisms are continuously exposed to a myriad of environmental stresses. Central to an organism's survival is the ability to mount a robust transcriptional response to the imposed stress. An emerging mechanism of transcriptional control involves dynamic changes in chromatin structure. Alterations in chromatin structure are brought about by a number of different mechanisms, including chromatin modifications, which covalently modify histone proteins; incorporation of histone variants; and chromatin remodeling, which utilizes ATP hydrolysis to alter histone-DNA contacts. While considerable insight into the mechanisms of chromatin remodeling has been gained, the biological role of chromatin remodeling complexes beyond their function as regulators of cellular differentiation and development has remained poorly understood. Here, we provide genetic, biochemical, and biological evidence for the critical role of chromatin remodeling in mediating plant defense against specific biotic stresses. We found that the Arabidopsis SWI/SNF class chromatin remodeling ATPase SPLAYED (SYD) is required for the expression of selected genes downstream of the jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. SYD is also directly recruited to the promoters of several of these genes. Furthermore, we show that SYD is required for resistance against the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea but not the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. These findings demonstrate not only that chromatin remodeling is required for selective pathogen resistance, but also that chromatin remodelers such as SYD can regulate specific pathways within biotic stress signaling networks

Brahma Is Required for Proper Expression of the Floral Repressor FLC in Arabidopsis

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.[Background]: BRAHMA (BRM) is a member of a family of ATPases of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes from Arabidopsis. BRM has been previously shown to be crucial for vegetative and reproductive development. [Methodology/Principal Findings]: Here we carry out a detailed analysis of the flowering phenotype of brm mutant plants which reveals that, in addition to repressing the flowering promoting genes CONSTANS (CO), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (SOC1), BRM also represses expression of the general flowering repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Thus, in brm mutant plants FLC expression is elevated, and FLC chromatin exhibits increased levels of histone H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation and decreased levels of H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation, indicating that BRM imposes a repressive chromatin configuration at the FLC locus. However, brm mutants display a normal vernalization response, indicating that BRM is not involved in vernalization-mediated FLC repression. Analysis of double mutants suggests that BRM is partially redundant with the autonomous pathway. Analysis of genetic interactions between BRM and the histone H2A.Z deposition machinery demonstrates that brm mutations overcome a requirement of H2A.Z for FLC activation suggesting that in the absence of BRM, a constitutively open chromatin conformation renders H2A.Z dispensable. [Conclusions/Significance]: BRM is critical for phase transition in Arabidopsis. Thus, BRM represses expression of the flowering promoting genes CO, FT and SOC1 and of the flowering repressor FLC. Our results indicate that BRM controls expression of FLC by creating a repressive chromatin configuration of the locus.This work was supported by Ministerio de Educacin y Ciencia (BFU2008-00238, CSD2006-00049), and by Junta de Andaluca (P06-CVI-01400) to J.C.R. and by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. 1R01GM079525), and the National Science Foundation (grant no. 0446440) to R.A. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewe