560 research outputs found
Binary populations and stellar dynamics in young clusters
We first summarize work that has been done on the effects of binaries on
theoretical population synthesis of stars and stellar phenomena. Next, we
highlight the influence of stellar dynamics in young clusters by discussing a
few candidate UFOs (unconventionally formed objects) like intermediate mass
black holes, Eta Carinae, Zeta Puppis, Gamma Velorum and WR 140.Comment: Contributed paper IAU 250: Massive Stars as Cosmic Engine
The formation and evolution of very massive stars in dense stellar systems
The early evolution of dense stellar systems is governed by massive single
star and binary evolution. Core collapse of dense massive star clusters can
lead to the formation of very massive objects through stellar collisions
( 1000 \msun). Stellar wind mass loss determines the evolution and final
fate of these objects, and decides upon whether they form black holes (with
stellar or intermediate mass) or explode as pair instability supernovae,
leaving no remnant. We present a computationaly inexpensive evolutionary scheme
for very massive stars that can readily be implemented in an N-body code. Using
our new N-body code 'Youngbody' which includes a detailed treatment of massive
stars as well as this new scheme for very massive stars, we discuss the
formation of intermediate mass and stellar mass black holes in young starburst
regions. A more detailed account of these results can be found in Belkus et al.
2007.Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures. To appear in conference proceedings for IAUS246,
200
On the X-ray Emission from Massive Star Clusters and their Evolving Superbubbles
The X-ray emission properties from the hot thermalized plasma that results
from the collisions of individual stellar winds and supernovae ejecta within
rich and compact star clusters are discussed. We propose a simple analytical
way of estimating the X-ray emission generated by super star clusters and
derive an expression that indicates how this X-ray emission depends on the main
cluster parameters. Our model predicts that the X-ray luminosity from the star
cluster region is highly dependent on the star cluster wind terminal speed, a
quantity related to the temperature of the thermalized ejecta.We have also
compared the X-ray luminosity from the SSC plasma with the luminosity of the
interstellar bubbles generated from the mechanical interaction of the high
velocity star cluster winds with the ISM.We found that the hard (2.0 keV - 8.0
keV) X-ray emission is usually dominated by the hotter SSC plasma whereas the
soft (0.3 keV - 2.0 keV) component is dominated by the bubble plasma. This
implies that compact and massive star clusters should be detected as point-like
hard X-ray sources embedded into extended regions of soft diffuse X-ray
emission. We also compared our results with predictions from the population
synthesis models that take into consideration binary systems and found that in
the case of young,massive and compact super star clusters the X-ray emission
from the thermalized star cluster plasma may be comparable or even larger than
that expected from the HMXB population.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical
Journa
Young Crab-like pulsars and luminous X-ray sources in starbursts and optically dull galaxies
Recent Chandra observations of nearby galaxies have revealed a number of
ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) with super-Eddington luminosities, away from
the central regions of non-active galaxies. The nature of these sources is
still debated. We argue that a fraction of them could be young, Crab-like
pulsars, the X-ray luminosity of which is powered by rotation. We use the
pulsar birth parameters estimated from radio pulsar data to compute the
steady-state pulsar X-ray luminosity distribution as a function of the star
formation rate (SFR) in the galaxy. We find that ~10% of optically dull
galaxies are expected to have a source with L_x >~ 10^{39} erg/s, while
starbursts galaxies should each have several of these sources. We estimate that
the X-ray luminosity of a few percents of galaxies is dominated by a single
bright pulsar with L_x >~10^{39} erg/s, roughly independently of its SFR. We
discuss observational diagnostics that can help distinguish the young pulsar
population in ULXs.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, accepted to Ap
Differential sensitivity of atrial and ventricular KATP channels to metabolic inhibition
Objective: The aim is to compare the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels) in intact and metabolically impaired atrial and ventricular myocytes. Methods: The KATP channel current is measured by whole cell and gramicidin-perforated patch clamp recordings in 164 cultured neonate rat cardiomyocytes. Results: In whole cell recordings with 84 ÎŒmol/l ADP in pipette, spontaneous activity is significantly higher in atrium than ventricle, and EC50 for the KATP channel opener diazoxide is 0.13 ÎŒmol/l (atrium) versus 3.1 ÎŒmol/l (ventricle). With an ATP-regenerating system in pipette, EC50 for diazoxide is 19.7 ÎŒmol/l (atrium) versus 54.9 ÎŒmol/l (ventricle). In gramicidin-perforated patch recordings, atrial myocytes respond significantly to 100 nmol/l of the mitochondrial protonophore CCCP, while ventricular myocytes do not. EC50 for diazoxide is 129 ÎŒmol/l (atrium) versus <2500 ÎŒmol/l (ventricle) for myocytes exposed to CCCP, and 676 versus <2500 ÎŒmol/l, respectively, without CCCP. Conclusions: (1) KATP channels are significantly more sensitive to metabolic inhibition in atrial than ventricular myocytes. (2) Sensitivity of atrium versus ventricle to the channel opener diazoxide increases from 3:1 to â„24:1 with ADP or metabolic inhibition. If extended to intact hearts, the results would predict a higher atrial sensitivity to ischemia, and a high sensitivity of the ischemic atrium to KATP channel opener
The evolution of very massive stars
Publisher's version/PDFCore collapse of dense massive star clusters is unavoidable, and this leads to the formation of massive objects, with masses of up to 1000 M[circled dot] and even larger. When these objects become stars, stellar wind mass loss determines their evolution and final fate, and decides on whether they form black holes (with normal mass or with intermediate mass) or explode as a pair-instability supernova. In this paper we discuss the evolution of very massive stars and present a convenient evolution recipe that can be implemented in a gravitational N-body code to study the dynamics of dense massive clusters
An estimate of the SN kick velocities for High Mass X-ray Binaries in the SMC
This work investigates the possible supernova kick velocities imposed on HMXB
systems in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Comparisons are made between the
location of such systems and the locations of young, stellar clusters on the
premise that these may represent the birthplace of many of these systems.
Measurements of the separation of clusters and HMXBs,and an estimate of the
typical lifetimes of these systems, leads to a minimum average space velocity
30 km/s. This value is compared to theoretical estimates.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
Investigation of groundwater salinity using geophysical and geochemical approaches: Heuningnes catchment coastal aquifer. Western Cape Province, South Africa
Seawater intrusion is recognised as a major factor affecting the quality of groundwater in coastal aquifers around the world. To determine the occurrence and extent of saline groundwater intrusion prevailing in the Heuningnes Catchment, a 2D resistivity imaging survey was carried out in three sites within the catchment. Eleven resistivity profile lines were conducted using the multi-electrode ABEM SAS resistivity meter system, employing the Wenner Array to map the extent of saline groundwater. A 2D resistivity image was acquired for these resistivity profile lines and the data were processed using Res2DINV software to produce the 2D inverse resistivity models. The interpretation of the resistivity models revealed three resistivity zones. The first zone is characterised by low resistivity (1â3 Ω.m); this represents an aquifer filled with saline water. The second resistivity zone has values ranging from (3â30 Ω.m); this represents a brackish saturated formation. The third resistivity zone denotes a sandy layer/sandstone saturated with freshwater having high resistivity values above 30 Ω.m. Geochemical analysis results of water samples at 11 locations along the electrical resistivity profile lines also suggest high salinity, indicated by high levels of Clâ, Na+, Total Dissolved Solids, and Electrical Conductivity
Clustering between high-mass X-ray binaries and OB associations in the Milky Way
We present the first direct measurement of the spatial cross-correlation
function of high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) and active OB star-forming
complexes in the Milky Way. This result relied on a sample containing 79 hard
X-ray selected HMXBs and 458 OB associations. Clustering between the two
populations is detected with a significance above 7-sigmas for distances < 1
kpc. Thus, HMXBs closely trace the underlying distribution of the massive
star-forming regions that are expected to produce the progenitor stars of
HMXBs. The average offset of 0.4+-0.2 kpc between HMXBs and OB associations is
consistent with being due to natal kicks at velocities of the order of 100+-50
km/s. The characteristic scale of the correlation function suggests an average
kinematical age (since the supernova phase) of ~4 Myr for the HMXB population.
Despite being derived from a global view of our Galaxy, these signatures of
HMXB evolution are consistent with theoretical expectations as well as
observations of individual objects.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Ap
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