Use Of Different Electrical Stimulations For Treating Pain In Women With Temporomandibular Disorders [utilização De Diferentes Estimulações Elétricas Para O Tratamento Da Dor Em Mulheres Com Disfunção Temporomandibular]

Objective: To analyze pain intensity in individuals with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) who were treated with ten sessions of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) or high voltage electrical stimulation (HVES). Methods: Twenty-four women (22.98±1.86 years old) with a diagnosis of TMD in accordance with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) were selected. Sixty percent of the participants had a diagnosis of TMD classified as group Ia and 40% as Ia and IIa. They were divided into two groups named TENS group (TG) and high-voltage group (HVG). Each participant received ten applications of either TENS (10Hz, modulated at 50%, 200μs and motor threshold intensity) or HVES (10Hz, twin pulses of 20μs each at intervals of 100μs between the twin pulses, 100volts and positive pole) twice a week for 30 minutes. To measure the pain intensity, a visual analog scale (VAS) was used. Statistical analyses were performed using t test and simple linear regression. Results: Comparison of the pre- and post-TENS conditions showed diminished pain intensity (p<0.05) in most sessions except for sessions 6, 7 and 8. In contrast, HVES reduced the pain intensity in all sessions (p<0.05). Evaluation of the pre-application values showed that both treatments decreased the pain intensity uniformly over the ten sessions (p<0.05). Conclusions: TENS and HVES both promoted reductions in pain intensity in women with TMD. 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Detecting the inseparability and distillability of continuous variable states in Fock space

The partial transposition(PT) operation is an effecient tool in detecting the inseparability of a mixed state. We give an explicit formula for the PT operation for the continuous variable states in Fock space. We then give the necessary and sufficient condition for the positivity of Gaussian operators. Based on this, a number of creterions on the inseparability and distillability for the multimode Gaussian states are naturally drawn. We finally give an explicit formula for the state in a subspace of a global Gaussian state. This formula, together with the known results for Gaussian states, gives the criterions for the inseparability and distillability in a subspace of the global Gaussian state.Comment: 8 pages, no figure, some typing errors correcte

Blink Reflex: Comparison Of Latency Measurements In Different Human Races

The blink reflex latencies and cephalometric indexes were analysed in 30 male volunteers from three different races, 10 white, 10 black, and 10 Oriental. Ages ranged from 15 to 59 years, height from 1,60 to 1,80 m, and weight from 60 to 80 kg. Blink reflexes were obtained after unilateral electric stimulation of the supraorbital nerve for quantitative analysis of 3 responses, early ipsilateral (R1), late ipsilateral (R2i) and late contralateral (R2c), obtained from the orbicularis oculi muscle. Cephalometric indexes were calculated by multiplying the ratio between the longer transverse and the longer sagital head diameters by 100. The R1, R2i and R2c latencies were consistent with other published papers revealing no differences between the different racial groups. The mean of the cephalometric indexes of each group were consistent with respective racial characteristics. This study revealed that there are no differences between R1, R2i and R2c latencies in the 3 different studied races.603 A563565Kimura, J., Powers, J.M., Allen, M.W.V., Reflex responses of orbicularis oculi muscle to supraorbital nerve stimule (1969) Arch Neurol, 21, pp. 193-199Tokunaga, A., Oka, M., Murao, T., An experimental study on facial reflex by evoked electromyography (1958) Med J Osaka Univ, 9, pp. 397-411Terrell, G.S., Terzis, J.K., An experimental model to study the blink reflex (1958) J Reconstr Microsurg, 10, pp. 175-183Fine, E.J., Sentz, L., Soria, E., The history of the blink reflex (1992) Neurology, 42, pp. 450-454Dejong, R.N., Haerer, A.F., (1992) The Neurologic Examination. 5.Ed., pp. 184-188. , Philadelphia: LippincottOverend, W., Preliminary note on a new cranial reflex (1992) Lancet, 1, p. 619McCarthy, D.J., Der Supraorbitalreflex. ein neuer Reflex im gebeit des 5. und 7. Nervenpaares (1901) Neurol Zentralbl, 20, pp. 800-801Kugelberg, E., Facial reflexes (1952) Brain, 75, pp. 385-396Magladery, J.W., Teasdall, R.D., Corneal reflex an EMG study in man (1961) Arch Neurol, 5, pp. 51-56Rushworth, G., Observations on blink reflexes (1962) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 25, pp. 93-108Bender, L.F., Maynard, F.M., Hastings, S.V., The blink reflex as a diagnostic procedure (1969) Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 50, pp. 27-31Thatcher, D.B., Allen, M.W.V., Corneal reflexes latency (1971) Neurology, 21, pp. 735-737Shahani, B.T., Young, R.R., Human orbicularis oculi reflex (1972) Neurology, 22, pp. 149-154Testut, L., Latarjet, A., (1988) Tratado de Anatomía Humana. 9.Ed., , Barcelona: SalvatClay, A.S., Ramseyer, J.C., The orbicularis oculi reflex in infancy and childhood (1976) Neurology, 26, pp. 521-524Kimura, J., Bodensteiner, J., Yamada, T., Electrically elicited blink reflex in normal neonates (1977) Arch Neurol, 34, pp. 246-249Blank, A., Ferber, I., Shapira, Y., Electrically elicited blink reflex in children (1983) Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 64, pp. 558-559Vecchierini-Blineau, M.F., Evolution du reflexe de clignement pendant les trois premieres années de la vie chez l'enfant (1983) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 13, pp. 137-144Vecchierini-Blineau, M.F., Guiheneuc, P., Maturation of the blink reflex in infants (1984) Eur Neurol, 23, pp. 449-458Khater-Boidin, J., Duron, B., The orbicularis oculi reflexes in healthy premature and full-term newborns (1987) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 67, pp. 479-484Shahani, B.T., Effects of sleep on human reflexes with a double component (1968) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 34, pp. 574-579Ferrari, E., Messina, C., Blink reflex during sleep and wakefulness in man (1972) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 32, pp. 55-62Kimura, J., Harada, O., Excitability of the orbicularis oculi reflex in all nigth sleep: Its suppression in NREM and recovery in REM sleep (1972) Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol, 33, pp. 369-377Silverstein, L.D., Grahan, F.K., Calloway, J.M., Preconditioning and excitability of the human orbicularis oculi reflex as a function of state (1980) Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol, 48, pp. 406-417Boelhouwer, A.J.W., Brunia, C.H.M., Blink reflex and the state of arousal (1977) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 40, pp. 58-63Sanes, J.N., Foss, J.A., Ison, J.R., Conditions that affect the thresholds of the components of the eyeblink reflex in humans (1982) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 45, pp. 543-549Desmedt, J.E., Godaux, E., Habituation of exteroceptive suppression and of exteroceptive reflexes in man as influenced by voluntary contraction (1976) Brain Res, 106, pp. 21-29Lowitisch, K., Habituation of the Blink-reflex: Computer assisted quantitative analysis (1985) Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol, 60, pp. 525-53

Experimental constraints on the ordinary chondrite shock darkening caused by asteroid collisions

Context. Shock-induced changes in ordinary chondrite meteorites related to impacts or planetary collisions are known to be capable of altering their optical properties. Thus, one can hypothesize that a significant portion of the ordinary chondrite material may be hidden within the observed dark C/X asteroid population. Aims. The exact pressure-temperature conditions of the shock-induced darkening are not well constrained. Thus, we experimentally investigate the gradual changes in the chondrite material optical properties as a function of the shock pressure. Methods. A spherical shock experiment with Chelyabinsk LL5 was performed in order to study the changes in its optical properties. The spherical shock experiment geometry allows for a gradual increase of shock pressure from similar to 15 GPa at a rim toward hundreds of gigapascals in the center. Results. Four distinct zones were observed with an increasing shock load. The optical changes are minimal up to similar to 50 GPa. In the region of similar to 50-60 GPa, shock darkening occurs due to the troilite melt infusion into silicates. This process abruptly ceases at pressures of similar to 60 GPa due to an onset of silicate melting. At pressures higher than similar to 150 GPa, recrystallization occurs and is associated with a second-stage shock darkening due to fine troilite-metal eutectic grains. The shock darkening affects the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared region while changes to the MIR spectrum are minimal. Conclusions. Shock darkening is caused by two distinct mechanisms with characteristic pressure regions, which are separated by an interval where the darkening ceases. This implies a reduced amount of shock-darkened material produced during the asteroid collisions.Peer reviewe

Volumetric laser endomicroscopy and its application to Barrett's esophagus: results from a 1,000 patient registry.

Volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) uses optical coherence tomography (OCT) for real-time, microscopic cross-sectional imaging. A US-based multi-center registry was constructed to prospectively collect data on patients undergoing upper endoscopy during which a VLE scan was performed. The objective of this registry was to determine usage patterns of VLE in clinical practice and to estimate quantitative and qualitative performance metrics as they are applied to Barrett's esophagus (BE) management. All procedures utilized the NvisionVLE Imaging System (NinePoint Medical, Bedford, MA) which was used by investigators to identify the tissue types present, along with focal areas of concern. Following the VLE procedure, investigators were asked to answer six key questions regarding how VLE impacted each case. Statistical analyses including neoplasia diagnostic yield improvement using VLE was performed. One thousand patients were enrolled across 18 US trial sites from August 2014 through April 2016. In patients with previously diagnosed or suspected BE (894/1000), investigators used VLE and identified areas of concern not seen on white light endoscopy (WLE) in 59% of the procedures. VLE imaging also guided tissue acquisition and treatment in 71% and 54% of procedures, respectively. VLE as an adjunct modality improved the neoplasia diagnostic yield by 55% beyond the standard of care practice. In patients with no prior history of therapy, and without visual findings from other technologies, VLE-guided tissue acquisition increased neoplasia detection over random biopsies by 700%. Registry investigators reported that VLE improved the BE management process when used as an adjunct tissue acquisition and treatment guidance tool. The ability of VLE to image large segments of the esophagus with microscopic cross-sectional detail may provide additional benefits including higher yield biopsies and more efficient tissue acquisition. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02215291

Muon spin rotation and relaxation in magnetic materials

A review of the muon spin rotation and relaxation ($\mu$SR) studies on magnetic materials published from July 1993 is presented. It covers the investigation of magnetic phase diagrams, of spin dynamics and the analysis of the magnetic properties of superconductors. We have chosen to focus on selected experimental works in these different topics. In addition, a list of published works is provided.Comment: Review article, 59 pages, LaTeX with IoP macro

Benefits and challenges in implementation of artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: World Endoscopy Organization position statement

The number of artificial intelligence (AI) tools for colonoscopy on the market is increasing with supporting clinical evidence. Nevertheless, their implementation is not going smoothly for a variety of reasons, including lack of data on clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness, lack of trustworthy guidelines, uncertain indications, and cost for implementation. To address this issue and better guide practitioners, the World Endoscopy Organization (WEO) has provided its perspective about the status of AI in colonoscopy as the position statement. WEO Position Statement: Statement 1.1: Computer-aided detection (CADe) for colorectal polyps is likely to improve colonoscopy effectiveness by reducing adenoma miss rates and thus increase adenoma detection; Statement 1.2: In the short term, use of CADe is likely to increase health-care costs by detecting more adenomas; Statement 1.3: In the long term, the increased cost by CADe could be balanced by savings in costs related to cancer treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care) due to CADe-related cancer prevention; Statement 1.4: Health-care delivery systems and authorities should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of CADe to support its use in clinical practice; Statement 2.1: Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) for diminutive polyps (≤5 mm), when it has sufficient accuracy, is expected to reduce health-care costs by reducing polypectomies, pathological examinations, or both; Statement 2.2: Health-care delivery systems and authorities should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of CADx to support its use in clinical practice; Statement 3: We recommend that a broad range of high-quality cost-effectiveness research should be undertaken to understand whether AI implementation benefits populations and societies in different health-care systems

Distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2001’003

In 2001’003, >60,000 km of aerial surveys and 7,700 km of vessel surveys were conducted during June to November when critically endangered Korean–Okhotsk or western gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were present off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. Results of surveys in all years indicated gray whales occurred in predominantly two areas, (1) adjacent to Piltun Bay, and (2) offshore from Chayvo Bay, hereafter referred to as the Piltun and offshore feeding areas. In the Piltun feeding area, the majority of whales were observed in waters shallower than 20 m and were distributed from several hundred meters to ∼ 5 km from the shoreline. In the offshore feeding area during all years, the distribution of gray whales extended from southwest to northeast in waters 30’5 m in depth. During all years, the distribution and abundance of whales changed in both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas, and both north–south and inshore–offshore movements were documented within and between feeding seasons. The discovery of a significant number of whales feeding in the offshore area each year was a substantial finding of this study and raises questions regarding western gray whale abundance and population levels, feeding behavior and ecology, and individual site-fidelity. Fluctuations in the number of whales observed within the Piltun and offshore feeding areas and few sightings outside of these two areas indicate that gray whales move between the Piltun and offshore feeding areas during their summer–fall feeding season. Seasonal shifts in the distribution and abundance of gray whales between and within both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas are thought, in part, to be a response to seasonal changes in the distribution and abundance of prey. However, the mechanism driving the movements of whales along the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island is likely very complex and influenced by a multitude of factors

Production of medium-chain fatty acids and higher alcohols by a synthetic co-culture grown on carbon monoxide or syngas

Synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, H2, and CO2, is a promising renewable feedstock for bio-based production of organic chemicals. Production of medium-chain fatty acids can be performed via chain elongation, utilizing acetate and ethanol as main substrates. Acetate and ethanol are main products of syngas fermentation by acetogens. Therefore, syngas can be indirectly used as a substrate for the chain elongation process.ERC Grant (Project 323009) and the Gravitation Grant (Project 024.002.002) of the Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, and the Netherlands Science Foundation (NWO