Méthodologie de validation des données hydrométriques en temps réel dans un réseau d'assainissement urbain

L'objectif du présent travail est l'élaboration d'une méthodologie de validation des données hydrométriques mesurées dans un réseau d'assainissement. L'information validée est utilisée aussi bien en temps réel, pour optimiser les consignes de gestion, qu'en temps différé, pour poser le véritable diagnostic et évaluer, sur une base quotidienne, l'efficacité des systèmes d'assainissement.Le principe de base de la méthodologie proposée repose sur la redondance analytique de l'information provenant d'une part de la mesure directe du débit sur le terrain et d'autre part du débit simulé à partir des variables météorologiques. On compare ainsi d'une part, l'écart entre la valeur prévue par un modèle autorégressif (AR) et la valeur mesurée et d'autre part, l'écart entre la valeur prévue par ce même modèle AR et la valeur simulée par un modèle hydrologique. Parmi les valeurs, mesurée et simulée, celle qui se rapproche le plus de la valeur prévue est retenue. Afin de considérer des modèles non stationnaires et d'éviter le biais d'estimation des paramètres de régression par la méthode standard des moindres carrés, le filtre de Kalman est utilisé pour identifier les paramètres du modèle AR.La méthodologie proposée a été testée avec succès sur un bassin urbain de la municipalité de Verdun. L'hydrogramme mesuré a été bruité artificiellement à la fois par un bruit blanc et par un certain nombre de perturbations de grandes amplitudes et de différentes formes. Le processus de validation a permis de retrouver pratiquement les mesures initiales, non bruitées. Les critères de performance introduits sont largement concluants.We developed an automated methodology for real-time validation of hydrometric data in a sewer network. Our methodology uses real-time validated data to optimise system management and non-real-time data to evaluate day-to-day performance.Two approaches can be used to validate and correct hydrometric data; the choice depends on the number of level gauges present in a system. In single gauge systems, univariate filtering is used to smooth data. For example, frequency filtering systematically eliminates values corresponding to frequencies higher than a predetermined threshold frequency. In systems with several gauging stations-duplex, triplex, or multiplex systems-the multivariate filtering method proposed here can be used to validate data series from each gauge. Material redundancy in duplex or higher order systems makes it possible to detect a deficient gauge, using a decision rule to set aside erroneous readings before averaging accepted values. Part of the underlying principle of this methodology is heavier reliance on gauges that give readings consistent with previous and subsequent validated values in a given series. Thus isolated positive or negative variations within a series are eliminated if corresponding variation values at other gauges are more consistent. To evaluate persistence, a reading is compared to a value predicted by an autoregressive (AR) model calibrated by the previous validated reading.This filtering technique constitutes an intelligent alternative to the frequency filtering method mentioned above. In more practical terms, it compares the deviation of an AR model prediction from a measured value with the deviation of the same AR model prediction from a value estimated by a regressive model at other stations in the network. Among the values measured and estimated by the regressive model, the one nearest the AR model prediction is retained.Our methodology also relies on analytical redundancy generated by direct measurement of flow and hydrological simulation. More precisely, the deviation of the AR model prediction from the measured value is compared with the deviation of the same AR model prediction from a value obtained from a hydrological simulation model. Among measured and simulated values, the one nearest the AR model prediction is retained. To allow consideration of nonstationary models and to avoid the well-known bias of the least squares method, the Kalman filter is used to identify the parameters of the AR model.The methodology we propose employs three models. The first generates analytical redundancy using hydrological modelling. An autoregressive model is then used to predict future runoff rate values. Finally, a voting process model is used to compare measured and simulated values.The proposed methodology was tested on the Verdun sewer system in Quebec with successful results. Two types of artificial disturbance of the measured hydrograph were created: white noise was added to measured values and disturbances of large amplitude and various forms were introduced. The methodology produced the initial values and performance criteria were conclusive. Thus on-site testing confirms that this approach allows completely automated detection and correction of most anomalies. Flood peaks were neither underestimated nor overestimated, and total runoff volumes were retained

Quantum correlations between each qubit in a two-atom system and the environment in terms of interatomic distance

The quantum correlations between a qubit and its environment are described quantitatively in terms of interatomic distance. Specifically, considering a realistic system of two two-level atoms and taking into account the dipole-dipole interaction and collective damping, the quantum entanglement and quantum discord are investigated, during the dissipative process, as a function of the interatomic distance. For atoms that are initially maximally entangled, it turns out that there is a critical distance where each atom is maximally quantum correlated with its environment. Counterintuitively, the approach of the two atoms can maximize the entanglement between each one and the environment and, even at the same distance, minimize the loss of entanglement between the pair.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Avortements et séroprévalence de la chlamydiose et de la brucellose chez les caprins dans les provinces de Chefchaoune et Tétouan (Maroc)

In order to determine the importance of abortions and the seroprevalence of two abortive infections namely brucellosis and chlamydiosis in goats in the Northern area of Morocco, a survey was carried out in 11 goat herds and 5 slaughter houses from the provinces Chefchaouene and Tetouan. A total of 374 serums was collected from slaughtered goats. In herds, 26 and 55 samples were collected from goats with and without history of abortion, respectively. Screening for brucellosis was conducted using the Card-test and for chlamydiosis using the micro- method of the complement fixation test. Mean abortion rate in surveyed herds was 25%. All tested sera were negative for brucellosis. However, chlamydisois was found to be prevalent with a mean prevalence rate of 14.8%. A prevalence of 19.2% was found in aborting goats against 12.7% in non aborting ones. The seroprevalence in adult-goats sampled and tested in slaughterhouses was found to be of 16.9%. Keywords: Goats - Abortion - Brucellosis - Chlamydiosis - Chefchaouene - Tetouan - MoroccoDans le but de déterminer l’importance des avortements et la séroprévalence de deux infections abortives à savoir la brucellose et la chlamydiose chez les caprins dans les provinces du Nord, une enquête sérologique a été réalisée au niveau de 5 abattoirs ruraux et de 11 élevages de la province de Chefchaouène et de Tétouan. Un total de 374 échantillons de sérums a été prélevé à partir de caprins abattus au niveau des 5 abattoirs. Au niveau des élevages, des enquêtes sur les avortements ont été réalisées et des prises de sang ont été effectuées sur 26 chèvres ayant avorté et 55 chèvres ayant mis bas normalement. Le dépistage sérologique de la brucellose a été réalisé par le test à l’antigène tamponné (Card-Test) et celui de la chlamydiose par la technique de fixation du complément selon une micro-méthode de type Kolmer. La fréquence des avortements dans les élevages enquêtés était de 25%. Aucun sérum ne s’est révélé positif à la brucellose. La chlamydiose a été détectée dans 6 parmi les 11 élevages visités avec une séroprévalence globale de 14,8%. Le pourcentage de séropositivité enregistré chez les chèvres avortantes testées est de 19,2% contre 12,7% chez les chèvres à mise bas normale. Pour les échantillons de sérums prélevés à partir de femelles adultes abattues dans les 5 abattoirs précités, une séroprévalence chlamydienne totale de 16,9% a été enregistrée. Mots clés: Caprins - Avortements - Brucellose - Chlamydiose - Chefchaouène - Tétouan - Maro

Stuctural And Magnetic Characterization Of CoxZn1-x/Cu Multilayers Obtained by Electrodeposition

We present the experimental results of (CoxZn1-x/Cu)n multilayers (3<x<10) grown using the electrochemical dual bath method. The X-ray diffraction patterns have shown that the CoZn structural lattice parameters are close to those of the monoclinic CoZn13 compound. We have developed an analytical model in the X-ray kinematical theory adapted to the electrodeposited (CoxZn1-x/Cu) multilayers. We have shown that the model can give interesting structural information about the multilayer components, and reproduces the position of the satellite peaks around the main diffraction peak. Thus we have deduced the multilayer period and performed comparison between experimental results and the analytical model. The magnetic properties at room temperature reveal both superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic features. The inclusion of Zn into the magnetic layer and the existence of CoZnCu based alloy at the interfacial regions explain the magnetic properties. The magnetoresistance (MR) loop displays a broad , rounded maximum and the saturation is not observed even at high applied fields. The MR(H) behaviour and its small ratio can be attributed to interfacial effects.We present the experimental results of (CoxZn1-x/Cu)n multilayers (3<x<10) grown using the electrochemical dual bath method. The X-ray diffraction patterns have shown that the CoZn structural lattice parameters are close to those of the monoclinic CoZn13 compound. We have developed an analytical model in the X-ray kinematical theory adapted to the electrodeposited (CoxZn1-x/Cu) multilayers. We have shown that the model can give interesting structural information about the multilayer components, and reproduces the position of the satellite peaks around the main diffraction peak. Thus we have deduced the multilayer period and performed comparison between experimental results and the analytical model. The magnetic properties at room temperature reveal both superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic features. The inclusion of Zn into the magnetic layer and the existence of CoZnCu based alloy at the interfacial regions explain the magnetic properties. The magnetoresistance (MR) loop displays a broad , rounded maximum and the saturation is not observed even at high applied fields. The MR(H) behaviour and its small ratio can be attributed to interfacial effects

Genotype × Environment Interactions of Industrial Hemp Cultivars Highlight Diverse Responses to Environmental Factors

Starting with the 2014 Farm Bill, hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is being re-introduced as an industrial crop in the United States. Since the crop has been absent for over 70 yr, little is known regarding the genetic mechanisms controlling economically relevant traits. Particularly, with federal legality of the crop hinging on a stringent tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of 0.3% or less, it is necessary to assess variance in this trait due to environmental effects and genotype × environment interactions (GEI) to avoid running afoul of federal law. Understanding how physical and biochemical traits respond to the environment also plays a strong role in selecting and developing appropriate cultivars for production in diverse growing regions. In 2016 we performed cultivar trials in multiple environments in Colorado to assess performance characteristics of a diverse set of germplasm from breeding programs across Europe and Asia. From these data, we were able to identify traits nearly entirely controlled by genetic factors, like days to maturity and THC and cannabidiol (CBD) production. We also identified traits strongly influenced by the environment and GEI, like grain yield, plant height, and water use. Individual cultivars also exhibited widely varying degrees of sensitivity to the environment. This underscores the importance of continued work to characterize genetic control of hemp traits to expedite breeding of cultivars that are well-adapted to target growing region