Advanced arrayed waveguide gratings: models, design strategies and experimental demonstration

[EN] The present PhD thesis deals on the model, design and experimental demonstration of Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) with advanced features. Firstly, building upon existing AWG formulations, design equations are provided, libraries developed and all this is experimentally validated with devices in Indium Phosphide (InP) and Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies. Next, a model and experimental validation is reported for an Interleave-Chirped Arrayed Waveguide Grating (IC-AWG), which is able to process optical signals as WDM demultiplexer, polarization splitter and phase diversity component all in a single device. This device was fabricated and tested in InP technology. The second innovative AWG demonstrated in this thesis, a Reflective type (R-AWG), whose layout allows for tailoring the pass-band shape and to change the spectral resolution. A demonstration of design and fabrication for this device is provided in SOI technology. The last AWG with innovative concepts is one driven by Surface Acoustic Waves (AWG-SAW), where the spectral channels can be tuned by means of acousto-optic effect. The device was fabricated in Aluminium Gallium Arsenide (AlGaAs) technology, and measurements are provided to validate the concept and design flow. In parallel this thesis has resulted in the development of different AWG layouts for a wide number of (generic) technologies and foundries, coded into design libraries, of use in a de-facto standard software employed for the design of photonic integrated circuits. These design libraries have been licensed to the UPV spin-off company VLC Photonics S.L.[ES] La presente tesis se ha centrado en el modelado, diseño y demostración experimental del dispositivo Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) con funcionalidades avanzadas. Primero, usando la formulación existente sobre AWGs se aportan ecuaciones y librerías de diseño, y se validan experimentalmente por medio de dispositivos fabricados en tecnologías de Indium Phosphide (InP) y Silicon-on-insulator (SOI). Después, se reporta un modelo y demostración experimental para un Interleave-Chirped Arrayed Waveguide Grating (IC-AWG), el cual es capaz de procesar señales ópticas como demultiplexor WDM, divisor de polarización y componente de diversidad de fase en un único dispositivo. Este dispositivo fue fabricado y probado en tecnología de InP. El segundo AWG innovador demostrado en esta tesis es de tipo Reflectante (R-AWG), cuyo diseño permite modificar la forma espectral del canal y cambiar su resolución espectral, incluyendo una demostración de diseño y fabricación de este dispositivo en tecnología de SOI. El último AWG que incluye conceptos innovadores es uno sintonizable por Acoustic Waves (AWGSAW), donde los canales espectrales pueden ser sintonizados por medio del efecto acusto-óptico. Dicho dispositivo fue fabricado en tecnología de Aluminium Gallium Arsenide (AlGaAs), y se han incluido medidas experimentales para validar el concepto y el flujo de diseño. En paralelo junto con esta tesis se han desarrollado diferentes diseños para el AWG en un amplio número de tecnologías (genéricas) y plataformas de fabricación, implementadas en unas librerías de diseño para uno de los softwares m¿as utilizados para el diseño de circuitos integrados ópticos, siendo actualmente el estándar de facto. Dichas librerías de diseño han sido licenciadas a la compañía VLC Photonics S.L., spin-off de la UPV.[CA] La present tesi ha estat centrada en el modelatge, disseny i demostració experimental del dispositiu Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) amb funcionalitats avançades. Primer, usant la formulació existent sobre AWGs s'aporten equacions i llibreries de disseny, i es validen experimentalment per mitjà de dispositius fabricats en tecnologies de Indium Phosphide (InP) i Silicon-on-insulator (SOI). Després, es reporta un model i demostració experimental per a un Interleave-Chirped Arrayed Waveguide Grating (IC-AWG), el qual és capaç de processar senyals òptiques com demultiplexor WDM, divisor de polarització i component de diversitat de fase en un únic dispositiu. Aquest dispositiu va ser fabricat i provat en tecnologia de InP. El segon AWG innovador demostrat en aquesta tesi és de tipus Reflector (R-AWG), amb un disseny que permet modificar la forma espectral del canal i canviar la seua resolució espectral, incloent una demostració de disseny i fabricació d'aquest dispositiu en tecnologia de SOI. L'últim AWG que inclou conceptes innovadors és un sintonitzable per Acoustic Waves (AWG-SAW), on els canals espectrals poden ser sintonitzats per mitjà de l'efecte acusto-òptic. Aquest dispositiu va ser fabricat en tecnologia de Aluminium Gallium Arsenide (AlGaAs), i s'han inclòs mesures experimentals per validar el concepte i el flux de disseny. En paral.lel juntament amb aquesta tesi s'han desenvolupat diferents dissenys per al AWG en un ampli nombre de tecnologies (genèriques) i plataformes de fabricació, implementades en unes llibreries de disseny per a un dels programaris més utilitzats per al disseny de circuits integrats òptics, sent actualment l'estàndard de facto. Aquestes llibreries de disseny han estat llicenciades a la companyia VLC Photonics S.L., spin-off de la UPV.Gargallo Jaquotot, BA. (2016). Advanced arrayed waveguide gratings: models, design strategies and experimental demonstration [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/74646TESI

Full field model for interleave-chirped arrayed waveguide gratings

© 2013 Optical Society of America. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modifications of the content of this paper are prohibitedIn this paper, a theoretical model for an Interleave-Chirped Arrayed Waveguide Grating (IC-AWG) is presented. The model describes the operation of the device by means of a field (amplitude and phase) transfer response. The validation of the model is accomplished by means of simulations, using parameters from previously fabricated devices. A novel design procedure is derived from the model, and it is later on employed to demonstrate the design of colorless universal IC-AWGs. The model can be readily applied to the analysis and design of future multi-wavelength optical coherent communications receivers and optical waveform analyzers.The authors acknowledge financial support by the Spanish MICINN Project TEC2010-21337, acronym ATOMIC; project FEDER UPVOV10-3E-492 and project FEDER UPVOV08-3E-008. B. Gargallo acknowledges financial support through FPI grant BES-2011-046100.Gargallo Jaquotot, BA.; Muñoz Muñoz, P. (2013). Full field model for interleave-chirped arrayed waveguide gratings. Optics Express. 21(6):6928-6942. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.006928S69286942216Nagarajan, R., Kato, M., Lambert, D., Evans, P., Corzine, S., Lal, V., … Welch, D. (2012). Terabit/s class InP photonic integrated circuits. Semiconductor Science and Technology, 27(9), 094003. doi:10.1088/0268-1242/27/9/094003Soldano, L. B., & Pennings, E. C. M. (1995). Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: principles and applications. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 13(4), 615-627. doi:10.1109/50.372474Bachmann, M., Besse, P. A., & Melchior, H. (1994). General self-imaging properties in N × N multimode interference couplers including phase relations. Applied Optics, 33(18), 3905. doi:10.1364/ao.33.003905Heaton, J. M., & Jenkins, R. M. (1999). General matrix theory of self-imaging in multimode interference (MMI) couplers. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 11(2), 212-214. doi:10.1109/68.740707Van Roey, J., van der Donk, J., & Lagasse, P. E. (1981). Beam-propagation method: analysis and assessment. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 71(7), 803. doi:10.1364/josa.71.000803Doerr, C. R., Zhang, L., & Winzer, P. J. (2011). Monolithic InP Multiwavelength Coherent Receiver Using a Chirped Arrayed Waveguide Grating. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 29(4), 536-541. doi:10.1109/jlt.2010.2097240Munoz, P., Pastor, D., & Capmany, J. (2002). Modeling and design of arrayed waveguide gratings. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 20(4), 661-674. doi:10.1109/50.996587Talahashi, H., Oda, K., Toba, H., & Inoue, Y. (1995). Transmission characteristics of arrayed waveguide N×N wavelength multiplexer. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 13(3), 447-455. doi:10.1109/50.372441Wan, Y., & Hui, R. (2007). Design of WDM Cross Connect Based on Interleaved AWG (IAWG) and a Phase Shifter Array. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 25(6), 1390-1400. doi:10.1109/jlt.2007.896808Spiekman, L. H., Amersfoort, M. R., De Vreede, A. H., van Ham, F. P. G. M., Kuntze, A., Pedersen, J. W., … Smit, M. K. (1996). Design and realization of polarization independent phased array wavelength demultiplexers using different array orders for TE and TM. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 14(6), 991-995. doi:10.1109/50.511599LOHMEYER, M. (1997). Optical and Quantum Electronics, 29(9), 907-922. doi:10.1023/a:1018581701193Smit, M. K., & Van Dam, C. (1996). PHASAR-based WDM-devices: Principles, design and applications. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2(2), 236-250. doi:10.1109/2944.577370Fontaine, N. K., Scott, R. P., Zhou, L., Soares, F. M., Heritage, J. P., & Yoo, S. J. B. (2010). Real-time full-field arbitrary optical waveform measurement. Nature Photonics, 4(4), 248-254. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.28Bernasconi, P., Doerr, C., Dragone, C., Cappuzzo, M., Laskowski, E., & Paunescu, A. (2000). Large N x N waveguide grating routers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 18(7), 985-991. doi:10.1109/50.85074

Un modelo de evaluación del sistema educativo

Este trabajo pretende estudiar la estructura básica en la que se apoya la investigación- acción para intervenir en las prácticas escolares. Hay en ella varias corrientes y orientaciones. Todas presentan una concepción de la educación, un diseño curricular, una práctica escolar y una metodología didáctica. La investigación-acción crítica se desarrolla sobre el modelo de “racionalidad práctica”. Al convertir esta racionalidad en criterio absoluto, se abandonan otras formas de la razón sin las cuales, como se pretende demostrar, es imposible que el ser humano alcance la plenitud

Interleaved and Chirped Array Waveguide Grating

[ES] El principal objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de un modelo teórico para describir un array waveguide grating (AWG) con ligeras modi¿caciones que permiten emplearlo como un bloque fundamental en un receptor coherente homodino con diversidad en fase y polarización.[EN] The theoretical analysis of an interleaved and chirped array waveguide grating as a polarization-diversity and dual-quadrature coherent receiver is described in this document. The model describes how multiple focusing points per wavelength can be obtained through array interleaving, and with precise phase di¿erences amongst them through chirping. Finally, how the model describes the operation as hybrid and polarization diversity receiver is shown.Gargallo Jaquotot, BA. (2012). Interleaved and Chirped Array Waveguide Grating. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/27175.Archivo delegad

El cuestionario CEVEAPEU. Un instrumento para la evaluación de las estrategias de aprendizaje de los estudiantes universitarios

El objetivo de este trabajo era elaborar y validar un cuestionario de evaluación de las estrategias de aprendizaje de los estudiantes universitarios más completo que los clásicamente utilizados. Para ello utilizamos un diseño de validación de pruebas. Usamos dos muestras de estudiantes universitarios, la primera de 545 estudiantes y la segunda de 1127. Los resultados de consistencia interna, validez de constructo, validez predictiva y estabilidad temporal, recogidos en el texto del artículo, son buenos. El producto final es un cuestionario con dos escalas, seis subescalas, veinticinco estrategias y 88 ítems, más sólido y completo que los anteriormente disponibles

Innovative methodology at the university. Its effects on learning processes of university students.

We wanted to assess the impact of learning-centered methodology on learning strategies and learning approaches of a students’ group of Chemistry. They were first year engineering students from the Polytechnic University of Valencia. We used a pre-experimental design with pretest and posttest measures by means of the CEVEAPEU and CPE questionnaires. The sample consisted of 20 students. The teaching methods included expositive methodology, questions, problem solving, development of a monograph, presentations, laboratory practices, team work, tutoring in the classroom and an evaluation system that made use of training procedures that returned feedback to students (two diagnostic tests, assessment of solved problems, self-assessment using the e-learning platform of the university, oral assessment in class, written tests, etc..). Significant improvements in learning strategies scores in the posttest and increasing in deep approach were found.We wanted to assess the impact of learning-centered methodology on learning strategies and learning approaches of a students’ group of Chemistry. They were first year engineering students from the Polytechnic University of Valencia. We used a pre-experimental design with pretest and posttest measures by means of the CEVEAPEU and CPE questionnaires. The sample consisted of 20 students. The teaching methods included expositive methodology, questions, problem solving, development of a monograph, presentations, laboratory practices, team work, tutoring in the classroom and an evaluation system that made use of training procedures that returned feedback to students (two diagnostic tests, assessment of solved problems, self-assessment using the e-learning platform of the university, oral assessment in class, written tests, etc..). Significant improvements in learning strategies scores in the posttest and increasing in deep approach were found

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We elaborated and applied a pedagogical programme to teach learning strategies to students in adult continuing education in Valencia along an academic year. We succeeded in improving significantly the learning strategies of these students. We also succeeded in improving significantly the marks of them in two important subjects, Spanish and Maths. So we obtained generalization and transference of results. We think that these results are important and that they prove the efficiency of the methods of the educational intervention which we used. This intervention is placed in the field of learning to lear

Relocating within the university. Proposal of a relocation rate based on a study of educational trajectories

The university has undergone important changes in recent years as the expansion of greater heterogeneity in the student profile. This reality has led to significant changes in the university access, the achievement and the exit to the labour market. Students from different socioeconomic backgrounds, different access pathways and incorporated into the university with different expectations and rhythms are producing a diversification of educational paths. In this sense, a higher frequency of educational pathways that trigger changes and school leavers occurs, which has meant that numerous studies have been developed to determine the explanatory factors. This article approaches the changes of degrees and dropouts of university studies using the concept of ?academic relocation? through an analysis of educational pathways of 60,300 subjects. The period examined have been six academic years (2009-10 to 2014-15). The main aim is to study the ?relocations? between undergraduate degrees for, from this, proposes a new indicator: the ?rate of relocations?. The perceived differences between degrees and their grouping by branches of knowledge allow noting the important institutional heterogeneit