Human immunodeficiency virus HIV and nervous system. General principles

El virus de inmunodeficiencia humana VIH es un retrovirus que pertenece a la subfamilia Lentoviridae (virus lentos) debido a su largo periodo de latencia entre la infección primaria y el daño del sistema inmunológico, en términos de depleción de la población de linfocitos T CD4 que caracteriza el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia humana SIDA. Se estima que al menos un tercio de los pacientes infectados con el VIH en estadio de SIDA presentan algún tipo de signo o síntoma que sugiera disfunción del sistema nervioso central, periférico o autónomo. Hoy en día se conoce que gran parte de las manifestaciones neurológicas de esta enfermedad son secundarias a la participación de múltiples interacciones entre el VIH y el sistema inmunológico que posteriormente conllevan a la aparición de entidades oportunistas de tipo infeccioso y tumoral a las cuales se atribuye la mayor tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes. A continuación discutiré algunas guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento recomendadas para ser utilizadas en Colombia sobre el manejo de los principales síndromes neurológicos en el contexto de la infección por VIH.Artículo de revisión124-141Human immunodeficiency virus HIV is a retrovirus belonging to the subfamily Lentivirus so-called because of the long latency period between primary infection and subsequent immunological damage in terms of T lymphocyte CD4 depletion leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS. It is estimated that at least one third of patients with HIV infection in the stage of AIDS has at least one sign or symptom of neurological impairment in terms of central, autonomic or peripheral nervous system dysfunction. Nowadays it is well known that most clinical manifestations of neurological dysfunction in the setting of HIV infection are attributable to the role of multiple interactions between the virus and the immune system with further presentation of opportunistic infections and malignancies responsible of a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Here I will discuss some diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines that I recommend for management of main neurological syndromes in context of HIV infection in Colombia

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in context of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

El síndrome de reconstitución inmunológica inflamatorio (SRII) la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, VIH, es una entidad clínica rara caracterizada por la recuperación del sistema inmune reflejada en un dramático aumento del conteo linfocitario T CD4+ y disminución de la carga viral del VIH en suero al corto tiempo de haber iniciado o reiniciado terapia antirretroviral altamente efectiva TARAE. Usualmente se manifiesta con un deterioro paradójico del estado del paciente secundario en la mayoría de los casos a una activación o reactivación de procesos infecciosos oportunistas que se encontraban silentes o en estado de remisión y puede comprometer la integridad de cualquier sistema en el organismo, incluyendo el sistema nervioso central, cuyo compromiso es inusual. A continuación expondremos el caso de un paciente a quien se le diagnosticó leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva como parte de este síndrome, que posterior a la suspensión temporal del tratamiento antirretroviral, administración de esteroides y de mirtazapina, mostró estabilización clínica de la enfermedad.Caso clínico257-261Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome IRIS in context of severe immunosupression secondary to human immunodeficiency virus HIV is a clinical entity characterized by immune system restoration usually seen shortly after commencing highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART. This syndrome is defined by a dramatic rise of T lymphocyte CD4+ count in addition to a HIV viral load drop in serum and typically it is manifested by a paradoxical clinical impairment due to an activation/reactivation of infectious opportunistic processes previously under immune surveillance or quiescence. Any human body’ system can be affected including the central nervous system which involvement is uncommon. We present a case report of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the setting of IRIS who following temporary HAART cessation, corticosteroids and mirtazapine administration showed signs of recovery

Torque de desinserción y propiedades fisico-químicas de implantes dentales grabados con ácidos fluorhídrico y nítrico: estudio experimental en perros Beagle

Objetivo: Estudiar la composición, características superficiales y respuesta al torque de desinserción de una superficie implantaria tratada inicialmente con ácido fluorhídrico y posterior pasivado con ácidos fluorhídrico y nítrico. Diseño del estudio: En una primera fase, se seleccionaron 12 implantes en los que se estudiaron las características fisico-químicas mediante mediciones de energía dispersa de rayos X (EDS), microscopio electrónico de barrido y análisis de XPS (espectrometría de fotoelectrones). Asimismo, se colocaron 24 implantes 'doce de 8 mm y doce de 10 mm de longitud-, en seis perros beagle, en los que tras un período de reposo, se procedió a la retirada de 12 implantes a las seis semanas y los 12 restantes a las doce semanas, mediante un calibrador de torque Gauge TonichiR modelo BGT150CN-S -con un rango de registro de fuerza de 0 a 150 Ncm. Resultados: El análisis de la composición química superficial mediante EDS sólo mostró la presencia de titanio en las superficies grabadas. En el análisis mediante XPS, al igual que sucede con las superficies de otros implantes dentales, aparecieron trazas de otros elementos presentes en la superficie, fundamentalmente de carbono. La morfología de la superficie tras el doble grabado con ácido, permitió observar la rugosidad creada por el ataque ácido, con una morfología bastante homogénea. Los valores de rugosidad obtenidos fueron superiores al micrómetro. Los valores medios encontrados para el torque de desinserción, a las seis semanas, fueron de 79,7 Ncm para los implantes de 8 mm de longitud y 115 Ncm para los implantes de 10 mm. A las doce semanas, estos valores incrementaron hasta 101,2 Ncm para los implantes de 8 mm y 139,7 Ncm para los implantes de 10 mm de longitud. Conclusiones: El grabado con ácido fluorhídrico y nítrico, posee características superficiales óptimas y comparables al de otras superficies. Los valores de torque de desinserción abren la posibilidad para su aplicación en clínica humana para procedimientos de carga precoz o inmediata.Objective: To study the composition, surface characteristics and response to removal torque of an implant surface subjected to hydrofluoric acid etching and posterior passivating with hydrofluoric and nitric acid. Study design: Twelve implants were initially selected and their physico-chemical characteristics were evaluated by means of energy-dispersive X-rays (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, 24 implants ' 12 measuring 8 mm and 12 measuring 10 mm in length ' were implanted in 6 Beagle dogs. Twelve implants were removed after a recovery period of 6 weeks, followed by removal of the remaining 12 implants after 12 Medeweeks, using a torque calibrator (Gauge Tonichi® model BGT150CN-S) with a force registry range of 0-150 Ncm. Results: EDS analysis of the surface chemical composition only revealed the presence of titanium in the etched surfaces. In the same way as with the surfaces of other dental implants, XPS analysis revealed traces of other elements present in the surface, fundamentally carbon. Following dual acid etching, the surface showed the roughness resulting from acid action, with a morphology that proved to be quite homogeneous. The roughness values obtained exceeded 1 ìm. The mean removal torque values after 6 weeks were 79.7 Ncm for the 8 mm implants and 115 Ncm for the 10 mm implants. After 12 weeks, these values increased to 101.2 Ncm and 139.7 Ncm, respectively. Conclusions: Hydrofluoric and nitric acid etching affords optimum surface characteristics comparable to those of other surfaces. The recorded removal torque values raise the possibility of human clinical application for early or immediate loading procedures

Removal torque and physico-chemical characteristics of dental implants etched with hydrofluoric and nitric acid : an experimental study in Beagle dogs

Objective: To study the composition, surface characteristics and response to removal torque of an implant surface subjected to hydrofluoric acid etching and posterior passivating with hydrofluoric and nitric acid. Study design: Twelve implants were initially selected and their physico-chemical characteristics were evaluated by means of energy-dispersive X-rays (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, 24 implants ? 12 measuring 8 mm and 12 measuring 10 mm in length ? were implanted in 6 Beagle dogs. Twelve implants were removed after a recovery period of 6 weeks, followed by removal of the remaining 12 implants after 12 weeks, using a torque calibrator (Gauge Tonichi® model BGT150CN-S) with a force registry range of 0-150 Ncm. Results: EDS analysis of the surface chemical composition only revealed the presence of titanium in the etched surfaces. In the same way as with the surfaces of other dental implants, XPS analysis revealed traces of other elements present in the surface, fundamentally carbon. Following dual acid etching, the surface showed the roughness resulting from acid action, with a morphology that proved to be quite homogeneous. The roughness values obtained exceeded 1 µm. The mean removal torque values after 6 weeks were 79.7 Ncm for the 8 mm implants and 115 Ncm for the 10 mm implants. After 12 weeks, these values increased to 101.2 Ncm and 139.7 Ncm, respectively. Conclusions: Hydrofluoric and nitric acid etching affords optimum surface characteristics comparable to those of other surfaces. The recorded removal torque values raise the possibility of human clinical application for early or immediate loading procedures

Electromyography: A Simple and Accessible Tool to Assess Physical Performance and Health during Hypoxia Training. A Systematic Review

Producción CientíficaHypoxia causes reduced partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and induces adaptations in skeletal muscle that may affect individuals’ physical performance and muscular health. These muscular changes are detectable and quantifiable by electromyography (EMG), an instrument that assesses electrical activity during active contraction at rest. EMG is a relatively simple and accessible technique for all patients, one that can show the degree of the sensory and motor functions because it provides information about the status of the peripheral nerves and muscles. The main goal of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence of EMG as an instrument for monitoring different responses of skeletal muscles subjected to external stimuli such as hypoxia and physical activity. A structured search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in Medline/PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library Plus. The search included articles published in the last 25 years until May 2020 and was restricted to English- and Spanish-language publications. As such, investigators identified nine articles that met the search criteria. The results determined that EMG was able to detect muscle fatigue from changes in the frequency spectrum. When a muscle was fatigued, high frequency components decreased and low frequency components increased. In other studies, EMG determined muscle activation increased during exercise by recruiting motor units and by increasing the intensity of muscle contractions. Finally, it was also possible to calculate the mean quadriceps quadratic activity used to obtain an image of muscle activation. In conclusion, EMG offers a suitable tool for monitoring the different skeletal muscle responses and has sufficient sensitivity to detect hypoxia-induced muscle changes produced by hypoxic stimuli. Moreover, EMG enhances an extension of physical examination and tests motor-system integrity

Rearrangement of the JC virus regulatory region sequence in the bone marrow of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Q3Q2Reporte de caso455-458The polyomavirus JC (JCV) is the etiologic agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV remains quiescent in kidneys, where it displays a stable archetypal regulatory region (RR). Conversely, rearranged JCV RR, including tandem repeat patterns found in the central nervous system (CNS) of PML patients, have been associated with neurovirulence. The precise site and mechanism of JCV RR transformation is unknown. We present herein a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate, who developed PML and had a rapid fatal outcome. JCV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bone marrow, blood, and urine. Double-immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that 9% of bone marrow CD138+ plasma cells sustained productive infection by JCV, accounting for 94% of JCV-infected cells. JCV RR analysis revealed archetype and rearranged RR forms in bone marrow, whereas RR with tandem repeat was predominant in blood. These results suggest that the bone marrow may be a potential site of JCV pathogenic transformation. Further studies will be needed to determine the prevalence of JCV in bone marrow of immunosuppressed individuals at risk of PML and characterize the RR and phenotype of these JCV isolates

Chorioretinitis by Toxoplasma Gondii in context of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an AIDS patient

El síndrome de reconstitución inmunológica inflamatorio (SRII) en pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), es una entidad clínica rara caracterizada por un aumento de linfocitos T CD4+ (CLTCD4+) y disminución de la carga viral servirá del VIH, que aparece corto tiempo después de iniciar terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA). Usualmente se manifiesta con un deterioro paradójico del estado del paciente secundario a una reactivación de procesos infecciosos oportunistas. Caso clínico: hombre con diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis cerebral en el curso de infección por VIH, quien posterior al inicio de la TARGA desarrollo coriorretinitis. El paciente experimento mejoría poco tiempo después de haber suspendido la TARGA y de administrar esteroides. Conclusión: La incidencia del SRII ha aumentado en los pacientes VIH que cursan con alta carga antigénica y CLTCD4+ bajo. Su patofisiología genera incertidumbre debido a que los biomarcadores diagnósticos y pronósticos no se conocen del todo. El tratamiento propuesto lo constituye en algunos casos la suspensión temporal de la TARGA con administración de esteroides, no obstante es necesaria la realización de más estudios.Caso clinico63-68Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in context of severe immunosupression secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is characterized by a dramatic rise of T lymphocyte CD4+ count in addition to a HIV viral load drop in, typically it is manifested by a paradoxical clinical impairment due to reactivation opportunistic of infectious processes previously under immune surveillance. A 36 years old male with cerebral toxoplasmosis in context of HIV infection developed chorioretinitis 8 weeks after commencing HAART. Workup laboratories only showed a marked T Lymphocyte CD4+ count increase with a HIV viral load lower than 40 copies/ml and other possible causes of chorioretinitis were excluded. After cessation of HAART and establishing corticosteroid therapy clinical improvement of this condition was documented. IRIS incidence has increased among AIDS patients especially with high antigenic burden and very low CD4 + T lymphocyte count. However its mechanism is still unclear due to biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis are not completely known at all. In order to validate and refine diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches of IRIS more studies are needed

Polineuropatia desmielinizante aguda en SIDA: presentación de dos casos

La polineuropatia desmielinizante aguda (AIDP) es un desorden inmune que afecta el nervio periférico produciendo lesión axonal o mielínica. las infecciones respiratorias altas, gastrointestinales o los cuadros febriles inespecíficos usualmente preceden este caudro clínico caracterizado por debilidad progresiva y disminución de reflejos miotendinosos. En el paciente con infección VIH la AIDP usulamnete aparece en el periodo de seroconversión cuando el conteo de CD4 es mayor a 500 células/uL. Se presume origen infecciosos a pesar de no existir un anticuerpo específico. reportamos dos casos de paciente con VIH y ADPI con resentación atípica. El primero con un conteo de CD4 menos a 100 células/uL, el segundo en el contexto de síndrome de reconstitución inmunológica (IRIS). Ambos pacientes tuvieron recuperación satisfactoria luego de tratamiento con inmunoglobulina intravenosa y suspensión temporal del tratamiento antiretroviral respectivamente.210-214Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy AIDP is an immune mediated disorder that affects the peripheral nerve reflected in myelin damage and sometimes in axonal loss. Upper respiratory infection, gas- trointestinal infection or nonspecific febrile processes are clinical entities that usually precede neurological symptoms represented by progressive weakness of the extremities and attenuation of tendinous reflexes. In the setting of HIV infection AIDP is a peripheral nerve disorder that usually occurs shortly after seroconversion when the CD4 count is higher than 500 cells/µl. It is presumed to be immune mediated, although the offending antibody has not been identified yet. We report two clinical cases of atypical AIDP in the setting of HIV infection: The first with a T lymphocyte CD4 count lower than 100 cells /µl and the second in context of immunologic reconstitution inflammatory syndrome IRIS. Both entities are uncommon phenomena. The patients recovered satisfactorily after receiving intravenous immunoglobulin and temporary cessation of antiretroviral therapy respectively

Atypical neurological manifestations of immunologic reconstitution syndrome in the context of HIV infection, a report of two case studies

El síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmunológica en caso de infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es una entidad clínica rara, que se manifiesta con la activación de procesos infecciosos oportunistas que se encontraban estables.Presentamos dos casos de este síndrome con compromiso del sistema nervioso central: síndrome de movimientos anormales y periférico, y síndrome de Guillain-Barré.120-129Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the context of severe immunosupression secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a clinical entity manifested by a paradoxical clinical impairment due to an activation of infectious opportunistic processes previously under immune surveillance. We illustrate two case reports of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome with atypical central nervous system involvement (choreoathetosis) and acute inflammatory demyelinating polineuropathy (Guillain-Barré syndrome)

International Consensus Document on Obstructive Sleep Apnea

El objetivo principal de este documento internacional de consenso sobre apnea obstructiva del sueno es proporcionar unas directrices que permitan a los profesionales sanitarios tomar las mejores decisiones en la asistencia de los pacientes adultos con esta enfermedad según un resumen crítico de la literatura más actualizada. El grupo de trabajo de expertos se ha constituido principalmente por 17 sociedades científicas y 56 especialistas con amplia representación geográfica (con la participación de 4 sociedades internacionales), además de un metodólogo experto y un documentalista del Centro Cochrane Iberoamer icano. El documento consta de un manuscrito principal, con las novedades más relevantes del DIC, y una serie de manuscritos online que recogen las búsquedas bibliográficas sistemáticas de cada uno de los apartados del DIC. Este documento no cubre la edad pediátrica ni el manejo del paciente en ventilación mecánica crónica no invasiva (que se publicarán en sendos documentos de consenso aparte)