A relative extending module and torsion precovers

We first characterize ?-complemented modules with relative (pre)covers. We also introduce an extending module relative to ?-pure submodules on a hereditary torsion theory ? and give its relationship with ?-complemented modules. © 2015 Iranian Mathematical Society

The seroprevalance of acute hepatitis a in 0-18 age group children who applied to igdır state hospital [Ig ˆdir devlet hastanesine başvuran 0-18 yaş grubu çocuklarda akut hepatit a seroprevalansı]

Objective: Hepatitis A is one of the most widely known infections in the world and has a significant role in the etilogy of hepatitis. Human beings are the principal reservoirs. The Hepatitis A prevalance is higher in children in developing countries. This study aims to detect acute hepatitis A seroprevalance in children between 0-18 years who applied to Igdi{dotless}r State Hospital from Feb 2010-Dec 2010. Material and Method: The existence of anti-HAV IgM antibodies has been examined in seras separated from blood samples taken from 990 children, whose ages range between 0-18, using Vitros ECI Q J&J Company Ortho Clinical Diagnostic macro ELISA device. The results have been evaluated according to age, gender and seasons using chi-square trend analysis. Results: In this study, the overall seroprevalance of anti-HAV IgM has been found to be 18.1%, 19.6% for girls and 17.0% for boys (p=0.304). In terms of age groups, the positivity rate is 2.1% in the 0-6 age group, 12% in the 6-12 age group and 3.7% in 12-18 aged children (p<0.001). On the other hand, the seasonal positivity rate has been determined as 4% between Februrary and June, 3.1% between June and September and 10.9% between Sept-Dec (p=0.002).Discussion: The positive results were evaluated statistically according to age groups and genders. The difference between the statistical analysis yielded no significance in terms of gender. However, the disease was most significantly seen in the 6-12 age group which involves to primary school age. Seasonally, it was mostly detected between the Sept-Dec period. Conclusion: It is suggested that necessary precautions should be taken in order to prevent sewage water intermingling with drinking water during the time of vaccination for pre-school children and seasons of frequent rainfall

The research of clonal relationship among aeromonas strains isolated from human, animal and drinking water by PFGE [PFGE ile i?nsan, hayvan ve i?çme sularından i?zole edilen aeromonas suşları arasında klonal i?lişkinin araştırılması]

Aeromonads infect human through potable water and causes various infections. Their existence in animal are being assessed as potential risk for human health. The aim of this study was to investigate clonal relationship among 52 Aeromonas strains isolated from human with diarrhea (14 strains), healthy food workers (2 strains), animals (24 strains) and drinking water (12 strains) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Clonal relation was determined between one diarrheic human isolate and one cattle isolate. No clonal relation was determined between drinking water and human isolates. Two fish isolates, A. caviae and A. sobria, were not distinguished PFGE patterns. Consequently no predominant clone was determined while clonal related strains were determined. Particularly, it is necessary to elicit the epidemiological importance of animals in respect of human Aeromonas infections and extensive studies are required for identification of environmental isolates

Detection of Putative Virulence Genes in Aeromonas İsolates from Humans and Animals

PubMed ID: 25390052Introduction: Aeromonas are food-and water-borne bacteria that are considered to be zoonotic human pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the presence of genes associated with virulence in human and animal Aeromonas isolates and the potential role of animal isolates with regards to human Aeromonas infections.Methodology: The presence of aerA, hlyA, alt, ast, laf, ascF-G, stx1 and stx2 putative virulence genes in 40 human and animal Aeromonas isolates (16 human and 24 animal isolates) were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA fragments of expected sizes were purified and sequenced. BLAST in the NCBI was used to verify any amplified products.Results: PCR screening showed that hlyA, alt, and laf genes were determined at ratios of 6.25%, 50%, and 6.25%, respectively, in human isolates. The ratios of hlyA, alt, ascF-G, laf, stx2, and stx1 genes in animal isolates were 58.3%, 20.83%, 33.3%, 20.83%, 8.33%, and 4.17%, respectively. Neither aerA nor ast genes were detected in any isolates. Any one of eight putative virulence genes was not detected in seven human and eight animal isolates in the study.Conclusions: The current study is the first to investigate the presence of the virulence gene in gull Aeromonas isolates. The manifestation of the presence of the virulence gene and gene combinations was considerable, especially in fish and gull isolates when compared with clinical human isolates. The current study demonstrates the potential importance of fish and gulls in terms of human Aeromonas infections. © 2014 Körkoca et al

Forward Curvatures on Time Scales

We also introduce forward curvature of a curve and give some formulas to calculate forward curvature of a curve on time scales which may be an arbitrary closed subsets of the set of all real numbers. We also introduce the length of a curve parametrized by a time scale parameter in ℝ3

Investigation of Brucella seroprevalence in human and livestocks in Igdır, Turkey

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide and still remains endemic in some developing countries, especially in Turkey. Milk is the main food product serving as a vector for Brucella. In this study we aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of human and animal brucellosis. The study group consisted of 358 subjects who had high risk occupations of animal breeder and farmer. The test results were interpreted and titers equal or in excess of 1/40 were considered significant. 189 farm animals were incorporated to our research. Among these animals, 104 of them were sheep and goat and 85 of them were cattle. The Brucellosis Milk Ring Test was used to test raw milk samples collected the selected herds in the study area. The seroprevalence of human brucellosis was 6.7%. Seroprevalence of animal brucellosis was found as 22.75% in livestocks. This study is important for being the first study in recent years that demonstrates the Brucella seropositivity rates in Igdır Province. This high seropositivity in our region may depend on the high rates of animal brucellosis; those of which were inadequate under control by veterinary and by vaccination and people who consume the milk by without boiling. © 2016 Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All rights reserved

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in asymptomatic food workers.

Cryptosporidium spp. is obligatory intracellular parasite and causes intestinal infection. In intestine infections in the form of sporadic and epidemics, food and accordingly workers in food sector may play a role as the source of infection. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the existence of asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis. In the study, stool samples of 393 workers -employed at various branches of food sector in the region of Van- are used. In order to detect Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, Modified Ziehl Neelsen (MZN) Staining was used. In this study, asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis has been detected in 5 (1.27%) of 393 workers. Epidemiological findings indicate that food workers can be source of cryptosporidiosis outbreak. Thus, searching for the existence of asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis food workers -which epidemiologically has potential significance- and taking the required measures in case of its determination are significant in respect of public health

First isolation and detection of multiple clones of vancomycin- resistant enterococci in the pediatric unit of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Turkey [Van Yüzüncü Yil Üniversitesi pediatri servisinde vankomislne direnç li enterokoklarin ilk izolasyonu ve çogul klonlarin tespiti]

Upon isolation of the first vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) from the urine sample of a nine months old patient in pediatric unit of Van Yuzuncu Yil University Hospital (located in eastern part of Turkey), we aimed to search for the presence of VRE isolates in the unit, to determine the resistance genotypes and to evaluate the clonal relationships among isolates. A total of 28 rectal swabs and 28 skin swabs from the patients, 12 skin swabs from the staff giving care to the patients, 15 skin swabs from the mothers of the patients and 96 environmental samples from the pediatric unit were screened. Antibiotic susceptibilities were tested and the resistance genotypes were determined. Molecular typing of the isolates was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Apart from the first case, 13 more VRE isolates, one being a clinical isolate from the urine of a patient and 12 isolates from the screening samples (8 rectal swabs, one skin swab and three swabs from patients' beds) were obtained. All of the isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium with similar antibiotic susceptibility patterns. VanA gene was present in all of the isolates. PFGE demonstrated two major clones and five clones closely related with the major ones. This was the first VRE isolation and colonization reported in our region. The isolates belonged to more than one clone. Currently, VRE did not seem to be a significant pathogen in Turkey, however, there may be an underestimation of the problem and continuous surveillance studies should be undertaken in every region