Poetic Lithuania of Miłosz

The article deals with the images of Lithuania found in Czesław Miłosz’s poetry. The novels and essays have only been used to confirm the conclusions drawn from the interpretation of selected poems. Despite the frequently-declared unwillingness of the author of Dolina Issy (The Valley of the Issa) to accept and use any autobiographical elements in literature, the land of his childhood has always been present in all the poet’s works. The explanation of this fascination with nostalgia seems to be unsatisfactory. The author of the article perceives the poetic images of Lithuania created by the uprooted immigrant as a symbol of his inner, not purely geographical, settlement. The subject of the discussion is the ever-changing perception of the Eastern-Borderland, which corresponds to particular stages of the protagonist’s journey through life. The starting point is the experience of eviction. It modifies the originally idealized vision of the “little homeland” and makes the hero’s attempt to reject or “amputate” it. The poems from the Światło dzienne (Daylight) collection surprise the reader by a hostile attitude towards the poet’s youth spent in Lithuania and the perception of those early memories as some destructive forces threatening the artist. It is only after a many years’ quest that the borderland heritage is appreciated and conquered again. Now, however, it acquires a different, more symbolic form. The cycle Miasto bez imienia (A Town without a Name) and the poem Gdzie wschodzi słońce i kędy zapada (Where the Sun Rises and Sets) are evidence of a gradual transformation. The faithful recreation in the poet’s memory of particular places and people changes into the construction of some outside religious space, built from the traces of the real world. Lithuania changes into a perfect reality, a Super-Land, capable of retaining the past and combining it with the present. It is a prop freeing the poet from the waste land of Urizen

Attributes2Classname: A discriminative model for attribute-based unsupervised zero-shot learning

We propose a novel approach for unsupervised zero-shot learning (ZSL) of classes based on their names. Most existing unsupervised ZSL methods aim to learn a model for directly comparing image features and class names. However, this proves to be a difficult task due to dominance of non-visual semantics in underlying vector-space embeddings of class names. To address this issue, we discriminatively learn a word representation such that the similarities between class and combination of attribute names fall in line with the visual similarity. Contrary to the traditional zero-shot learning approaches that are built upon attribute presence, our approach bypasses the laborious attribute-class relation annotations for unseen classes. In addition, our proposed approach renders text-only training possible, hence, the training can be augmented without the need to collect additional image data. The experimental results show that our method yields state-of-the-art results for unsupervised ZSL in three benchmark datasets.Comment: To appear at IEEE Int. Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) 201

Zero-Shot Object Detection by Hybrid Region Embedding

Object detection is considered as one of the most challenging problems in computer vision, since it requires correct prediction of both classes and locations of objects in images. In this study, we define a more difficult scenario, namely zero-shot object detection (ZSD) where no visual training data is available for some of the target object classes. We present a novel approach to tackle this ZSD problem, where a convex combination of embeddings are used in conjunction with a detection framework. For evaluation of ZSD methods, we propose a simple dataset constructed from Fashion-MNIST images and also a custom zero-shot split for the Pascal VOC detection challenge. The experimental results suggest that our method yields promising results for ZSD

The concept of energy in nonparametric statistics: Goodness-of-Fit problems and deconvolution

In this thesis the concept of energy is introduced from physics into statistics. The energy of samples, which are drawn from statistical distributions, is defined in a similar way as for discrete charge density distributions in electrostatics. A system of two sets of point charges with opposite sign is in a state of minimum energy if they are equally distributed. This property is used to construct new nonparametric, multivariate Goodness-of-Fit tests, to check whether two samples belong to the same parent distribution and to deconvolute distributions distorted by measurement. The statistical minimum energy configuration does not depend on the application of the one-over-distance power law of the electrostatic potential. To increase the power of the new approach other monotonic decreasing distance functions may be chosen. We prove that the new energy technique is applicable to all distance functions which have positive Fourier transforms. The proposed approach is binning-free. It is especially powerfull in multidimensional applications and superior to most of the common statistical methods in many concrete situations.In dieser Arbeit wird das Energiekonzept aus der Physik in die Statistik übertragen. Die Energie von Stichproben, die aus statistischen Verteilungen gezogen werden, wird in ähnlicher Weise definiert wie für elektrostatische Punktladungen. Ein System von zwei Punktladungsmengen mit entgegengesetztem Vorzeichen befindet sich im Zustand minimaler Energie, wenn sie der gleichen Verteilung folgen. Dieses Konzept wird zur Konstruktion von neuen nichtparametrischen, mehrdimensionalen Anpassungstests verwendet. Weiterhin wurde das Energieverfahren auf das Zwei-Stichproben Problem und die Entfaltung angewandt. Das statistische Minimum Konzept der Energie hängt nicht von der Abstandsfunktion des elektrostatischen Potentials ab. Um die Güte der entwickelten Methoden zu erhöhen, können andere monoton fallende Abstandsfunktionen gewählt werden. Wir zeigen, dass das Verfahren für alle Abstandsfunktionen anwendbar ist, die eine positive Fouriertransformierte haben. Die vorgeschlagene Methode benötigt keine Intervallbildung. Sie hat ihre Stärken bei mehrdimensionalen Problemstellungen und ist hier herkömmlichen Verfahren in vielen konkreten Anwendungen überlegen

A Comprehensive View of Electrosleep: The History, Finite Element Models and Future Directions

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. This is concluded with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES. Despite this history, questions regarding the efficacy of ES remain including optimal dose (electrode placement and waveform). An investigation into brain electric field and current density produced by various montages that are historically relevant to ES was done to evaluate how these montages effect the brain. MRI-derived head models that were segmented using an automated segmentation algorithm and manual corrections were solved for four different electrode montages. The montages that were used are as follows: Sponge electrode on left and right eyes (active), Sponge electrodes over left and right mastoids (return); Sponge electrodes above left and right eyes (active), Sponge electrodes over left and right mastoids (return); High-Definition (HD) electrodes on AF3 and AF4 (active), 5x7 cm sponge on neck (return); HD electrodes on AF3 and AF4 (active), 5x7 sponge electrode on Iz (return). A high concentration of electric field was found on the optic nerve, with levels lowered as the electrodes moved further away from the eyes. There was also a moderate current density on the amygdala, a center involved with anxiety, as well as high electric fields on the brain stem which are centers for sleep. Using the models that were run for the electrosleep inspired montages the montage that was selected for the proposed experiment was to use anodes on AF3 and AF4 with the cathode on Iz. The anodes will be HD electrodes while the cathode will be a 5x7 cm sponge. Subjects will be split into 4 groups of 8 people each and will receive two legs of stimulation spaced one week apart. One leg will have current of 2 mA, 1 mA, 0.5 mA or sham while the other leg is all sham and the order in which they receive it will be randomized. Subjects will be stimulated for 20 minutes at 100 Hz and will spend a total of 40 minutes during the experiment where they will have their eyes recorded with an IR sensitive camera and they will be required to perform an odd-tone response task. Subjects are expected to fall asleep faster with higher levels of current and there is no added effect from baseline expected for subjects who receive sham stimulatio

The main principles of retrospective approach in automotive design

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Industrial Design, Izmir, 2007Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 140-143)Text in English;Abstract: Turkish and Englishx, 143 leavesIn this thesis, the meaning of retrospective design is studied in automotive industry from the industrial design point of view. The main purpose of this study is to find out the main principles of the retrospective approach in automotive design. In order to do this, many examples from a variety of different design disciplines are used and examples from automotive industry are deeply analyzed. After giving general information about the meaning of the word .retro. and what it means in design for different design areas, it will be focused on the use of retrospective approach in automotive design with reviewing the current examples of the retro vehicles. In the next chapter, two current examples of the retro vehicle, Chrysler PT Cruiser and Volkswagen New Beetle, are going to be considered and they are compared to each other according to their retrospective designs. This will help us to understand how retrospective approach differs from one design to another in automotive industry although they are put in the same category in general. In addition to that, there wick be a case study of making a retrospective vehicle of an existed Turkish car from the past, Anadol Böcek (1975), to practice to show how a retrospective approach can be applied in automotive design. Finally, it will conclude the summary of the retrospective automotive design and what it contains in its deep meaning