Automatisk flekksprøyting av ugrasmiddelet glyfosat i stubb og moden byggåker

Glyfosat er det aktive stoffet i flere ugrasmidler (f.eks. Roundup Eco) og er det mest brukte plantevernmidlet i Norge og globalt. I kornproduksjonen brukes det til å bekjempe ugras i stubbåker, men også i modent bygg mot bl.a. det flerårige grasugraset kveke (Elymus repens). Fordi ugras ofte opptrer flekkvis på åkeren, bør man sprøyte glyfosat flekkvis for å spare miljø og ressurser. Hensikten med dette forprosjektet var å teste om flekksprøyting kan automatiseres ved bruk av kommersielt tilgjengelig sensor-teknologi (WeedSeeker, Trimble Navigation Ltd.). Enkelt forklart er WeedSeeker en integrert enhet bestående av sensor, lyskilde, ventil og dyse. WeedSeeker ble opprinnelig utviklet for automatisk flekksprøyting av ugras på harde flater som grusganger, asfalt o.l. Sensoren kan ikke skille mellom plantearter, ei heller ugras og nytteplanter (inkl. prydplanter). Unntaket er hvis det er vesentlig forskjell mellom nytteplantenes og ugrasets evne til å reflektere rødt og nær-infrarødt lys. Det er åpenbart en relativt stor forskjell i denne evnen mellom korn og mange ugras når det nærmer seg tresketid, men også i stubbåker. Vi undersøkte derfor om automatisk flekksprøyting (WeedSeeker) med glyfosat til å bekjempe ugras fungerer i modent bygg og i stubbåker (om høsten). Resultatene gjelder to feltforsøk i modent bygg og to feltforsøk i stubbåker utført over to år. Bruk av WeedSeeker ga 17- 80 % ugraskontroll i modent bygg. I stubb ble det bedre effekt, 67 – 98 %. Til sammenligning ga ordinær breisprøyting 95-100 prosent effekt. I moden bygg ga WeedSeeker 57-63 % reduksjon i glyfosat-forbruket. I stubbåker ble besparelsen større, 79-82 %. Kommersielt tilgjengelig sensor-teknologi for automatisk flekksprøyting medførte en vesentlig reduksjon i forbruk av glyfosat. Men virkningen, spesielt på kveke, var til dels betydelig dårligere enn ordinær breisprøyting. Effekten på ugraset ville sannsynligvis blitt bedre og mindre variabel med mer erfaring med teknologien og et mer praksisnært oppsett enn det var mulig å bruke i dette forprosjektet.Automatisk flekksprøyting av ugrasmiddelet glyfosat i stubb og moden byggåkerpublishedVersionpublishedVersio

Sensor technology for precision weeding in cereals. Evaluation of a novel convolutional neural network to estimate weed cover, crop cover and soil cover in near-ground red-green-blue images

Precision weeding or site-specific weed management (SSWM) take into account the spatial distribution of weeds within fields to avoid unnecessary herbicide use or intensive soil disturbance (and hence energy consumption). The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel machine vision algorithm, called the ‘AI algorithm’ (referring to Artificial Intelligence), intended for post-emergence SSWM in cereals. Our conclusion is that the AI algorithm should be suitable for patch spraying with selective herbicides in small-grain cereals at early growth stages (about two leaves to early tillering). If the intended use is precision weed harrowing, in which also post-harrow images can be used to control the weed harrow intensity, the AI algorithm should be improved by including such images in the training data. Another future goal is to make the algorithm able to distinguish weed species of special interest, for example cleavers (Galium aparine L.).Sensor technology for precision weeding in cereals. Evaluation of a novel convolutional neural network to estimate weed cover, crop cover and soil cover in near-ground red-green-blue imagespublishedVersio

Soil steaming to disinfect barnyardgrass-infested soil masses

Reusing soil can reduce environmental impacts associated with obtaining natural fresh soil during road construction and analogous activities. However, the movement and reuse of soils can spread numerous plant diseases and pests, including propagules of weeds and invasive alien plant species. To avoid the spread of barnyardgrass in reused soil, its seeds must be killed before that soil is spread to new areas. We investigated the possibility of thermal control of barnyardgrass seeds using a prototype of a stationary soil steaming device. One Polish and four Norwegian seed populations were examined for thermal sensitivity. To mimic a natural range in seed moisture content, dried seeds were moistened for 0, 12, 24, or 48 h before steaming. To find effective soil temperatures and whether exposure duration is important, we tested target soil temperatures in the range 60 to 99 C at an exposure duration of 90 s (Experiment 1) and exposure durations of 30, 90, or 180 s with a target temperature of 99 C (Experiment 2). In a third experiment, we tested exposure durations of 90, 180, and 540 s at 99 C (Experiment 3). Obtaining target temperatures was challenging. For target temperatures of 60, 70, 80, and 99 C, the actual temperatures obtained were 59 to 69, 74 to 76, 77 to 83, and 94 to 99 C, respectively. After steaming treatments, seed germination was followed for 28 d in a greenhouse. Maximum soil temperature affected seed germination, but exposure duration did not. Seed premoistening was of influence but varied among temperatures and populations. The relationships between maximum soil temperature and seed germination were described by a common dose–response function. Seed germination was reduced by 50% when the maximum soil temperature reached 62 to 68 C and 90% at 76 to 86 C. For total weed control, 94 C was required in four populations, whereas 79 C was sufficient in one Norwegian population.Soil steaming to disinfect barnyardgrass-infested soil massespublishedVersio

Biologisk veiledningsprøving 2022. Ugrasmidler

I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra biologisk veiledningsprøving av ugrasmidler; mot ugras i golfgras, mot ugras i vårkorn inkl. testing av VIPS-Ugras, mot fangvekster og ugras i utendørs småskalaforsøk, mot ugras i potet under plast/fiberduk, til nedvisning av potetris, mot søtvierarter uten kultur, mot ugras og jordbærutløpere i jordbær og mot ugras i eple, samt ulike strategier mot ugras i gulrot og rotpersille.Biologisk veiledningsprøving 2022. UgrasmidlerpublishedVersio

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Control of perennial weeds in spring cereals through stubble cultivation and mouldboard ploughing during autumn or spring

Creeping perennial weeds are of major concern in organically grown cereals. In the present study, the effects of different timing of mouldboard ploughing with or without a preceding stubble cultivation period, on weeds and spring cereals were studied. The experiments were conducted at two sites in Norway during a two and three-year period, respectively, with the treatments repeated on the same plots. The soil cultivation treatments were a stubble disc-harrowing cultivation period followed by mouldboard ploughing and only mouldboard ploughing. The timing of the treatments were autumn or spring. The density and biomass of the aboveground shoots of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Sonchus arvensis L. and Stachys palustris L. as well as the total aboveground biomass of the spring cereal crop (oats) were assessed. The control efficiency of C. arvense and S. arvensis was closely related to timing of the cultivation treatments. Cultivation in spring decreased the population of C. arvense and S. arvensis compared to autumn cultivation. For E. repens, timing of the treatments had no significant effect: the important factor was whether stubble cultivation was carried out (best control) or not. The overall best strategy for controlling the present perennial weed population was stubble cultivation followed by ploughing in spring. However, the associated relative late sowing of the spring cereal crop and lowered crop biomass, were important drawbacks.publishedVersio