Le dépôt de haches à douille de type armoricain du Hallstatt moyen/final 1 de Trelly (Manche) : interprétations à partir des analyses chimiques élémentaires

International audienceDiscovered in 1998, the Trelly hoard (Manche, France) was discovered through electromagnetic surveys. A quick emergency dig revealed the presence of many artefacts, most of which had been displaced by recent ploughing. The main interest of this small hoard, consisting of about thirty copper-based artefacts, resides in an association of Armorican-type socketed axes with bracelets typical of the Hallstatt D1-D2 period. While this hoard was well-known due to the presentation of several artefacts at the exhibition "Nos ancêtres les Gaulois" held at Nantes in 1999, no analyses had been carried out and the artefacts remained unexploited. In the framework of a new research programme concerning prehistoric copper artefacts and their elementary composition, most of the artefacts from this hoard were the subject of chemical analyses. Many large hoards discovered in Brittany, Normandy and the Channel Islands contained only Armorican-type sock-eted axes. These deposits were said to belong to the final stage of the Bronze Age (Briard, 1965; Rivallain, 1971). New archaeological excavations in Brittany and in Normandy, such as Kergariou, Quimper, Finistère (Menez et al., 2005; Menez & Gomez de Soto, 2006; Gomez de Soto et al., 2009) confirm that this original phenomenon dates from the second period of the First Iron Age. The Trelly hoard also belongs to this period, because of the synchronism of Armorican-type socketed axes and bracelets dated from the middle / late Hallstatt period. This hoard is composed of socketed axes (one of the Tréhou type, one Plurien and eighteen of the Couville type, and two fragments of large axes), five bracelets and fragments of bracelets (one open bracelet decorated with transverse incisions, one open massive bracelet with a sub-rectangular section resembling a gear-wheel, a fragment of an open and massive boss bracelet with a plano-convex section, a fragment of a massive bracelet with a plano-convex section decorated with four transverse incisions, a closed and massive bracelet with a circular section), a fragment of a shank.En 1998, le dépôt de Trelly (Manche) a été découvert à la suite de prospections électromagnétiques. Une rapide opération de sauvetage réalisée à la même époque a permis de constater la présence d'autres objets, la plupart remués par des labours récents. L'intérêt principal de ce petit dépôt, d'une trentaine d'objets à base cuivre, est l'associa-tion entre des haches à douille de type armoricain (types de Plurien, de Tréhou et surtout de Couville) et des bracelets typiques du Hallstatt D1-D2. Si le dépôt était bien connu grâce à la publication de quelques objets lors de l'exposition « Nos ancêtres les Gaulois » présentée à Nantes en 1999 à l'occasion du XXII e colloque de l'AFEAF, aucune analyse n'en avait été menée. Dans le cadre d'un nouveau programme de recherche mené à l'université de Rennes 1-Beaulieu (UMR « CReAAH ») concernant les objets à base cuivre protohistoriques et leurs compositions élémentaires, des analyses chimiques ont été réalisées sur la plupart des objets du dépôt. Les résultats obtenus montrent que quelle que soit la taille des haches les teneurs en plomb et en cuivre sont variables et souvent très fortes. Les teneurs en étain sont faibles mais assez constantes. En réalisant deux analyses par hache, on démontre que cette variabilité de composition se retrouve au sein même des objets, conduisant à dire que les différences observées entre individus ne sont pas signifi-catives. Cependant, la dispersion des compositions au sein de l'ensemble des objets du dépôt est continue, ne montrant pas de rupture, laissant penser que ces objets ont pu être fabriqués selon un même procédé technique. La comparaison entre les différents types d'objets montre que les bracelets sont seulement légèrement enrichis en étain. Les teneurs en éléments-traces pour l'ensemble des objets sont quant à elles très similaires, montrant ainsi l'homogénéité du dépôt. Ainsi, les analyses, en plus des travaux de terrain et de l'observation de la patine des objets, confirment une similitude de composition chimique. En conclusion, si elles ne confirment pas formellement le synchronisme entre les haches à douille et les bracelets du Hallstatt moyen / final, du moins apportent-elles un argument supplémentaire dans ce sens, et surtout elles ne le contredisent pas. Pour réellement confirmer cela, il faut continuer à analyser entièrement d'autres dépôts de la même région, en prenant aussi en compte des dépôts du Bronze final III

Barriers and levers in screening and care for alcohol use disorders among French general practitioners: results from a computer-assisted telephone interview-based survey

International audienceAlcohol use disorders (AUD) is a major public health concern. General practitioners (GP) must play a key role in identifying this disorder and offering appropriate interventions. The authors conducted a survey among French GP in the Provence – Alpes – Côte-d’Azur (PACA) region to better understand their practices regarding AUD. Random sampling was used to enrol 101 GP in a 15-minute survey. A Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview exploring demographic and professional characteristics was conducted using a questionnaire. One third (31.7%) of the participants systematically addressed alcohol use with their patients whereas six (5.9%) never addressed it. Logistic regression analyses showed that after adjustment for the number of AUD patients followed up (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.19, 3.08]) and GP interest in addiction medicine (5.41 [2.17, 13.40]), GP who systematically screened patients for AUD were more likely to accept controlled drinking as a therapeutic goal (5.41 [2.17, 13.33]), and to perceive patient denial of AUD as a major barrier to care (1.39 [0.60, 3.22]). GP providing care for AUD were more likely to monitor tobacco cessation (9.08 [2.60, 31.64]) and to prescribe opioid maintenance treatment (7.35 [2.52, 21.41]). Alcohol screening is insufficient in general practice in France. Providing updated guidelines is essential to foster experience in this field among GP

Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France

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Early combination therapy with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin reduces mortality in 10,429 COVID-19 outpatients

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Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysis

International audienceElsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active

Reproducibility of fluorescent expression from engineered biological constructs in E. coli

We present results of the first large-scale interlaboratory study carried out in synthetic biology, as part of the 2014 and 2015 International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competitions. Participants at 88 institutions around the world measured fluorescence from three engineered constitutive constructs in E. coli. Few participants were able to measure absolute fluorescence, so data was analyzed in terms of ratios. Precision was strongly related to fluorescent strength, ranging from 1.54-fold standard deviation for the ratio between strong promoters to 5.75-fold for the ratio between the strongest and weakest promoter, and while host strain did not affect expression ratios, choice of instrument did. This result shows that high quantitative precision and reproducibility of results is possible, while at the same time indicating areas needing improved laboratory practices.Peer reviewe