Lectotypification of the name Helianthus dentatus Cav., basionym of Viguiera dentata (Cav.) Spreng. (Asteraceae: Heliantheae)

A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis (Schilling & Panero 2011) proposed to narrow the concept of the paraphyletic genus Viguiera Kunth (1818: 176; Asteraceae: Heliantheae) to embrace only the type, V. dentata (Cavanilles 1794: 10) Sprengel (1826: 615). Robinson (1977) emphasized the peculiarities of Viguiera dentata as the "distinctive and unique" presence of hairs on the filaments of the anther, the disk corollas throat less than twice as long as the lobes and densely scabrous below, a combination of features that differs from most member of the genus. During taxonomic studies of Viguiera and related genera, it was discovered that V. dentata has never been typified. The basionym, Helianthus dentatus, was described by Antonio Jose Cavanilles in Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum based on plants grown in the Real Jardin Botanico from seed sent by Martin Sesse from Mexico (Blanco 2000). Previous workers including Blake (1918) and Robinson (1977) have accepted the plate in Cavanilles as the type for Helianthus dentatus Cav

Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Styracaceae

The study of the family Styracaceae is part of the project "Flora of the Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil". In that area, the family is represented by the genus Styrax, with six species: S. camporum, S. ferrugineus, S. maninul, S. martii, S. pedicellatus and S. rotundatus. Keys to species, descriptions and illustrations as well as comments on the geographic distribution, phenology and morphological variation of the species are presented.O estudo da família Styracaceae é parte do levantamento da Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A família está representada naquela área pelo gênero Styrax, com seis espécies: S. camporum, S. ferrugineus, S. maninul, S. martii, S. pedicellatus e S. rotundatus. São apresentadas chaves para as espécies, descrições e ilustrações das mesmas, além de comentários sobre sua distribuição geográfica, fenologia e variabilidade

Comparative analyses of Mikania (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) plastomes and impact of data partitioning and inference methods on phylogenetic relationships

We assembled new plastomes of 19 species of Mikania and of Ageratina fastigiata, Litothamnus nitidus, and Stevia collina, all belonging to tribe Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). We analyzed the structure and content of the assembled plastomes and used the newly generated sequences to infer phylogenetic relationships and study the effects of different data partitions and inference methods on the topologies. Most phylogenetic studies with plastomes ignore that processes like recombination and biparental inheritance can occur in this organelle, using the whole genome as a single locus. Our study sought to compare this approach with multispecies coalescent methods that assume that different parts of the genome evolve at different rates. We found that the overall gene content, structure, and orientation are very conserved in all plastomes of the studied species. As observed in other Asteraceae, the 22 plastomes assembled here contain two nested inversions in the LSC region. The plastomes show similar length and the same gene content. The two most variable regions within Mikania are rpl32-ndhF and rpl16-rps3, while the three genes with the highest percentage of variable sites are ycf1, rpoA, and psbT. We generated six phylogenetic trees using concatenated maximum likelihood and multispecies coalescent methods and three data partitions: coding and non-coding sequences and both combined. All trees strongly support that the sampled Mikania species form a monophyletic group, which is further subdivided into three clades. The internal relationships within each clade are sensitive to the data partitioning and inference methods employed. The trees resulting from concatenated analysis are more similar among each other than to the correspondent tree generated with the same data partition but a different method. The multispecies coalescent analysis indicate a high level of incongruence between species and gene trees. The lack of resolution and congruence among trees can be explained by the sparse sampling (~ 0.45% of the currently accepted species) and by the low number of informative characters present in the sequences. Our study sheds light into the impact of data partitioning and methods over phylogenetic resolution and brings relevant information for the study of Mikania diversity and evolution, as well as for the Asteraceae family as a whole

Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Compositae - Gnaphalieae e Inuleae

O estudo das tribos Gnaphalieae e Inuleae (Compositae) é parte do levantamento da Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A tribo Gnaphalieae está representada naquela área por 6 gêneros: Achyrocline (2 spp.), Chevreulia (1 sp.), Chionolaena (1 sp.), Gamochaeta (1 sp.), Lucilia (2 spp.) e Stenophalium (1 sp.); a tribo Inuleae está representada por 1 gênero: Pluchea (1 sp.). São apresentadas chaves para os gêneros e espécies, descrições e ilustrações, além de comentários sobre sua distribuição geográfica, fenologia e variabilidade morfológica de cada espécie

Tribo Vernonieae Cass

A tribo Vernonieae possui uma distribuição pantropical, com grande parte das espécies concentradas no Brasil e África. Atualmente, são reconhecidas 21 subtribos, 126 gêneros e cerca de 1.300 espécies (KEELEY; ROBINSON 2009; ROBINSON, 2007)...Fil: Esteves, Roberto. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; BrasilFil: Loeuille, Benoit. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Nakajima, Jimi Naoki. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; BrasilFil: Marques, Danilo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Soares, Polyana N.. Colégio Cenecista Dr. José Ferreira; BrasilFil: Esteves Gonçalves, Vânia. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Mendonça, Cláudia. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Dematteis, Massimiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentin

Extremely low nucleotide diversity among thirty-six new chloroplast genome sequences from Aldama (Heliantheae, Asteraceae) and comparative chloroplast genomics analyses with closely related genera

Aldama (Heliantheae, Asteraceae) is a diverse genus in the sunflower family. To date, nearly 200 Asteraceae chloroplast genomes have been sequenced, but the plastomes of Aldama remain undescribed. Plastomes in Asteraceae usually show little sequence divergence, consequently, our hypothesis is that species of Aldama will be overall conserved. In this study, we newly sequenced 36 plastomes of Aldama and of five species belonging to other Heliantheae genera selected as outgroups (i.e., Dimerostemma asperatum, Helianthus tuberosus, Iostephane heterophylla, Pappobolus lanatus var. lanatus, and Tithonia diversifolia). We analyzed the structure and gene content of the assembled plastomes and performed comparative analyses within Aldama and with other closely related genera. As expected, Aldama plastomes are very conserved, with the overall gene content and orientation being similar in all studied species. The length of the plastome is also consistent and the junction between regions usually contain the same genes and have similar lengths. A large ~20 kb and a small ~3 kb inversion were detected in the Large Single Copy (LSC) regions of all assembled plastomes, similarly to other Asteraceae species. The nucleotide diversity is very low, with only 1,509 variable sites in 127,466 bp (i.e., 1.18% of the sites in the alignment of 36 Aldama plastomes, with one of the IRs removed, is variable). Only one gene, rbcL, shows signatures of positive selection. The plastomes of the selected outgroups feature a similar gene content and structure compared to Aldama and also present the two inversions in the LSC region. Deletions of different lengths were observed in the gene ycf2. Multiple SSRs were identified for the sequenced Aldama and outgroups. The phylogenetic analysis shows that Aldama is not monophyletic due to the position of the Mexican species A. dentata. All Brazilian species form a strongly supported clade. Our results bring new understandings into the evolution and diversity of plastomes at the species level

Diversity of non-glandular trichomes in subtribe Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) and taxonomic implications

Vernonieae is one of the major tribes in Asteraceae (subfamily Cichorioideae) with ca. 1,100 species placed into 129 genera. Currently, 21 subtribes are recognized in Vernonieae and one of them is Lychnophorinae, almost entirely endemic to Brazil, containing 11 genera and ca. 100 species. About 42 % of Lychnophorinae genera are monophyletic, reflecting the poorly understood relationships among the members of the group. Trichomes are one of the most useful anatomical characters to be used in angiosperm taxonomy; they are diverse, exist in many taxa and are not difficult to study. This work intends to illustrate non-glandular leaf trichome diversity in Lychnophorinae and discuss this diversity in the light of the subtribe’s taxonomy. Sampled material included 67 species of 11 genera. Macerations and free hand sections were performed to be analyzed in the light microscope and photographed. A phenogram was generated using a matrix with 67 terminals (species) and 18 characters coded as binary. The subtribe Lychnophorinae displays a great diversity of non-glandular trichomes (5 types and 18 subtypes). The present study reveals the great diversity of non-glandular trichomes in Lychnophorinae. While trichome complement is of little use to distinguish genera, it appears to be a valuable characteristic at a lower taxonomic level to identify closely morphologically related species

Rumo a uma classificação filogenética de Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae)

A phylogenetic hypotesis of American Vernonieae based on three molecular regions (ITS, ndhF, rpl32-trnL) and on a morphological dataset reveals the existence of four main lineages in the group. Three of these lineages correspond, with a few adjustments, to subtribes Chrestinae, Lychnophorinae and Vernoniiae. The last lineage is mainly composed of Lepidaploinae and Elephantopinae. In order to keep the Lychnophorinae monophyletic, two small subtribes (Centratherinae, Sipolisiinae) and three monotypic genera (Albertinia, Blanchetia and Gorceixia) must be to transferred to Lychnophorinae, which has the presence of heliangolide in aerial parts as a synapomorphy. Our results show that syncephaly probably appeared independently three of four times in the course of evolution of American Vernonieae. Special features of these aggregation of heads in each lineage suggest that the formation of syncephalia is related to different biological functions: attractive in Chrestinae, disseminative in Rolandrinae or protective in Lychnophorinae. A phylogenetic analysis of Lychnophorinae was further performed based on a morphological dataset and on four molecular regions (ETS, ITS, ndhF, rpl32-trnL), in order to delimit monophyletic genera in Lychnophorinae, and to achieve a better understanding fo the relationships between the genera of the subtribe. The richest genus of the subtribe, Lychnophora, with 32 describe species, emerged as polyphyletic, involving three main lineages not closely related. Most clades obtained are associated with some existing generic concept and can be defined by a simple combination of morphological characters. Albertinia, Blanchetia and Gorceixia are the most basal lineages, whereas Eremanthus and Lychnophora stricto sensu emerged as the most derived clade, which contains half of the species of the subtribe. However, relationships between the remaining clades persist partially unresolved. Aiming to compare the influence of a hierarchical representation of homology hypotheses on phylogenetic inference, two morphological datasets of American Vernonieae and Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae) have been analyzed using parsimony and three-item analysis. The results widely diverged not only in terms of topology but also in the number of homologies recovered. The three-item analysis appears to retrieve a higher information content fron the original datasets. The already acknowledged high level of homoplasy in Vernonieae morphological data is here confirmed and most of the clades are not supported by synapomorphies. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses performed, a new classification of the subtribe Lychnophorinae is here proposed. The subtribes Centratherinae and Sipolisiinae are reduced to synonymy of Lychnophorinae and three genera (Albertinia, Blanchetia, Gorceixia) are transferred to the subtribe. As now circumscribed, Lychnophorinae comprises 18 genera and 104 species distributed mostly in the cerrado, domain of the Brazilian Central Plateau, Oiospermum is synonymized under Centratherum, and Irwinia under Blanchetia. Because Lychnophora as currently circumscribed was shown to be polyphyletic, it is here dismantled into three monophyletic genera: Lychnophora s.s., Lychnocephalus and a new genus described herein, Lychnophorella. 17 new combinations are proposed as well as 10 new synonymies. The descriptions of eight new species of Lychnophorinae are presented: Eremanthus brevifolius, Heterocoma gracilis, H. Robinsoniana, Minasia ramose, Paralychnophora glaziouana, Piptolepis campestris, P. monticola and P. schultziana. The synopsis provides the taxonomic status, data on nomenclatural types, geographical distribution, and taxonomic notes for each species.Uma hipótese filogenética das Vernonieae Americanas, baseada em uma matriz morfológica e em três regiões moleculares (ITS, ndhF, rpl32-trnL), revela a existência de quatro linhagens principais neste grupo. Três dessas linhagens correspondem, com alguns ajustes, às subtribos Chrestinae, Lychnophorinae e Vernoniinae. A última linhagem é principalmente composta de Lepidaploinae e Elephantopinae. Para uma circunscrição de Lychnophorinae monofilética, devem ser aqui incluídos duas pequenas subtribos (Centratherinae, Sipolisiinae) e três gêneros monotípicos (Albertinia, Blanchetia e Gorceixia), tendo como sinapomorfia a presença de heliangolidos nas partes aéreas. Nossos resultados mostram que a sincefalia provavelmente surgiu três ou quatro vezes ao longo da evolução das Vernonieae Americanas. As características especiais dessas agregações de capítulos em cada linhagem sugerem que a formação da sincefalia deve estar relacionada a diferente funções biológicas: atração nas Chrestinae, dispersão nas Rolandrinae ou proteção nas Lychnophorinae. A análise filogenética das Lychnophorinae foi realizada baseada numa matriz morfológica e quatro regiões moleculares (ETS, ITS, ndhF, rpl32-trnL), a fim de delimitar gêneros monofiléticos na subtribo, e alcançar uma melhor compreensão das relações entre seus gêneros. O gênero mais rico da subtribo, Lychnophora, com 32 espécies descritas, emergiu como polifilético, envolvendo três principais linhagens não estreitamente relacionadas. A maioria dos clados obtidos estão associados a conceitos de gêneros já existentes e podem ser definidos por uma combinação simples de caracteres morfológicos. Albertinia, Blanchetia e Gorceixia são as linhagens mais basais, enquanto Eremanthus e Lychnophora stricto sensu emergiram como o clado mais derivado, que contém metade das espécies da subtribo. Porém, as relações entre os demais clados persistem apenas parcialmente resolvidas. Com o objetivo de comparar a influência de uma representação hierárquica de hipóteses de homologia em inferência filogenética, uma matriz morfológica das Vernonieae Americanas e uma das Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae) foram ambas analisadas usando a parcimônia e análise de três itens. Os resultados divergiram muito não só em termos de topologia, mas também no número de homologias recuperadas. A análise de três itens parece recuperar um maior conteúdo de informação das matrizes originais. O nível elevado de homoplasia já reconhecido em dados morfológicos de Vernonieae foi aqui confirmado e a maioria dos clados não são sustentados por sinapomorfias. Baseada nos resultados das análises filogenéticas realizadas, propõe-se aqui uma nova classificação da subtribo Lychnophorinae, e uma sinopse é apresentada. As subtribos Centratherinae e Sipolisiinae são reduzidas a sinonímia de Lychnophorinae e três gêneros (Albertinia, Blanchetia, Gorceixia) são transferidos para a subtribo. Como agora circunscrita, Lychnophorinae compreende 18 gêneros e 104 espécies distribuídas principalmente no domínio do cerrado do Planalto Central Brasileiro. Propõe-se a sinonimização de Oiospermum sob Centratherum, e de Irwinia sob Blanchetia. Devido ao fato de Lychnophora, como atualmente circunscrito ter-se mostrado polifilético, suas espécies tiveram que ser rearranjadas em três gêneros monofiléticos: Lychnophora s.s., Lychnocephalus e um novo gênero agora descrito, Lychnophorella. 17 novas combinações são propostas bem como 10 novas sinonímias. As descrições de oito novas espécies de Lychnophorinae são apresentadas: Eremanthus brevifolius, Heterocoma gracilis, H. robinsoniana, Minasia ramosa, Paralychnophora glaziouana, Piptolepis campestris, P. monticola e P. schultziana. A sinopse inclui os dados fundamentais de todas as espécies de Lychnophorinae: status taxonômico, dados sobre os tipos nomeclaturais, distribuição geográfica e habitat, além de notas taxonômicas

Minasia ramosa (Asteraceae: Vernonieae), a new species from the Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Minasia ramosa, a new species from Brazil, is here described and illustrated. The species is endemic to the campos rupestres of the Serra do Cabral, a western extension of the Espinhaco Range in Minas Gerais. Minasia ramosa is characterized by its narrow ensiform leaves, paniculate inflorescence and totally setuliferous cypselae. The affinities of this species are discussed.251122CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCuatrecasas Travel Award Committe

Minasia ramosa (Asteraceae: Vernonieae), a new species from the Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Minasia ramosa, a new species from Brazil, is here described and illustrated. The species is endemic to the campos rupestres of the Serra do Cabral, a western extension of the Espinhaco Range in Minas Gerais. Minasia ramosa is characterized by its narrow ensiform leaves, paniculate inflorescence and totally setuliferous cypselae. The affinities of this species are discussed.251822Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Cuatrecasas Travel Award CommitteeConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq