Une étude globale et comparée d'un acteur majeur de la vie politique locale. Introduction

Since the end of the nineteenth century, the mayor has emerged as a key actor in French political life, not only at the local but at the national level. The affirmation of political democracy, the personalization of politics, the professionalization of public action, and the reinforcement of powers granted to local entities have contributed to what some observers have called the "presidentialization" of the mayor. Well-known personalities, such as Edouard Herriot of Lyon, Adrien Marquet and Jacques Chaban-Delmas of Bordeaux, Jean Lecanuet of Rouen, or Antoine Pinay of Saint Chamond have come to incarnate the close relationship between mayors and their cities - a relationship that did not prevent these municipal leaders from also taking on significant responsibilities at the national level of government. This edition takes a pluri-disciplinary and multi-scale approach to the varied aspects suggested here.Une réflexion sur le maire, acteur central de la politique municipale, tant sur les plans économique que culturel, est ici proposée en tenant compte des dernières recherches sur cette question à laquelle ont été associés des chercheurs d'autres disciplines que l'histoire. L'étude a porté sur l'ensemble du territoire national pour s'intéresser aussi bien à quelques grandes villes qu'à des villes moyennes. Au cœur de la vingtaine de communications qui sont proposées, il y a la volonté d'éclairer le mieux possible ce que l'on peut appeler la gouvernance locale ou encore la présidentialisation du maire, dont certains représentants ont mérité des éclairages particuliers, au tout premier desquels il y a Édouard Herriot

Stitch'n Bitch: puntos de un consumo de género

A través de un estudio etnográfico en un grupo de tejedoras de tipo Stitch’N Bitch, analizamos elementos discursivos y materiales de la construcción de identidad de nuestras informantes en relación sus actividades de tejedoras. Avanzamos que, si hay elaboración de una identidad de género de una mujer moderna y liberada, esta liberación se hace sobretodo por enfrentamiento con los estereotipos femeninos del pasado pero dejando las mujeres en un modelo de consumo marcado por su género

Determination of flow directions combining AMS and thin section analyses : implications for the Oligocene volcanism in the Kerguelen Archipelago (southern Indian Ocean)

We report an Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) study carried out on seven Oligocene volcanic sections widely distributed on the surface of the Kerguelen Archipelago. The statistical results at flow scale and at section scale were checked with AMS density diagrams and thin section analysis. Because of axes permutations frequently observed for lava flows, two possible flow directions were nicely defined for the majority of the sections. We then used two alternative approaches (imbrication of the minimum axis and symmetry of the AMS distribution) to infer a flow direction for each section. These two methods and thin section analyses not being decisive for choosing between the two solutions, geological and geomorphological observations were finally used for confident interpretations. The results of this study helped to more precisely locate the supposed eruptive centers of the Kerguelen archipelago

Towards a rigorous use of SPEM

International audienceModeling software process is a good way to improve development and thus quality of resulting applications. The OMG proposes the SPEM metamodel to describe software processes. Its concepts are described through class diagrams. Unfortunately, it lacks a formal description of its semantics that makes it hard to use. So, we propose a specialization of SPEM that clarifies it and we use OCL to formally express constraints on it

Equity of European Industriel Corporations from 1991 to 1993

Throughout the Member States of the European Union, economic policy debate has centred on the terms of corporate financing, and in particular on whether the companies of each country have sufficient equity to compete in a single market. Moreover, faced with the risk of corporate insolvency, credit institutions consider a certain equity level to be one of several indicators of creditworthiness. Given this situation and within the framework of the work of the European Committee of Central Balance Sheet Offices, Germany, Austria, Spain, France and Italy and the second General Directorate of the European Commission invited a working group , to compare the f-inancial autonomy of European industriel companies. This study covered the period 1991 to 1993 and examined several issues. Do corporate equity levels vary according to the country ? Do these levels vary according to company size, regardless of the country? Do small companies have a specific position in each country? This study is based on an évaluation of corporate solvency, given that equity is used by companies and their financial partners to control risk exposure. After a brief reminder of the role of equity, the study sums up the research conducted since the publication in 1958 of the paper by Modigliani and Miller and gives a critical analysis of the empirical findings of intenational comparisons. All such research must begin by identifying and solving the financial and statistical methodological problems inherent to comparisons of the financing conditions of different countries. The work conducted gives rise to clear conclusions. - Corporate equity levels vary from country to country. These differences are at least partially related to variations in taxation, bankruptcy regulations, the organization of the banking system, the relationship between banks and companies and the financing practices of each country. - An overall analysis is insufficient and must be complemented by an analysis by company size. - The situation of the companies in each country can not be evaluated without taking into account financial requirements. - In France, regardless of the size of the company, the share of equity in overall financial resources appears larger than in other countries. Moreover, the difference between the equity of small and medium-sized companies and that of large corporations is narrower than in Germany or Austria. It should also be noted that this company classification is relatively recent in France.

Anomalous metallic state in quasi-two-dimensional BaNiS2_{2}

We report on a systematic study of the thermodynamic, electronic and charge transport properties of high-quality single crystals of BaNiS$_2$, the metallic end-member of the quasi-twodimensional BaCo$_{1-x}$Ni$_x$S$_2$ system characterized by a metal-insulator transition at $x_{cr}=0.22$. Our analysis of magnetoresistivity and specific heat data consistently suggests a picture of compensated semimetal with two hole- and one electron-bands, where electron-phonon scattering dominates charge transport and the minority holes exhibit, below $\sim$100 K, a very large mobility, $\mu_h\sim$ 15000 cm$^2$V$^{-1}$s$^{-1}$, which is explained by a Dirac-like band. Evidence of unconventional metallic properties is given by an intriguing crossover of the resistivity from a Bloch-Gr\"uneisen regime to a linear$-T$ regime occurring at 2 K and by a strong linear term in the paramagnetic susceptibility above 100 K. We discuss the possibility that these anomalies reflect a departure from conventional Fermi-liquid properties in presence of short-range AF fluctuations and of a large Hund coupling.Comment: 21 pages 9 figures (colors

Recueil, traçabilité et restitution des données territoriales du programme ESPON

International audienceThe ESPON M4D Multi-Dimensional Database Design and Development Project entails integrating, verifying and presenting the territorial data produced by ESPON Applied Research Projects. The main challenges that the project faced were managing, standardising and coordinating a wealth of diverse data, ensuring data quality, traceability and creating display tools for territorial data. Implementing specialised methods and tools has provided solutions and opportunities for further analysis. It is clear that centralising the data management and processing helps a wider audience to access this data.Le projet ESPON M4D Multi Dimensional Database Design and Development consiste à intégrer, vérifier et restituer les données territoriales produites par les projets de recherche appliquée du programme européen ESPON. Les principaux enjeux de ce projet consistent à gérer la profusion de données hétérogènes, les normaliser et les harmoniser, évaluer leur qualité, assurer leur traçabilité, créer des outils de suivi et de restitution de ces données. La mise en place de tels méthodes et outils adaptés apportent quelques solutions et pistes de réflexion. Force est de constater que la centralisation de la gestion et du traitement de ces données aide à leur restitution à un très large public