Relations parents immigrants-écoles dans l’espace montréalais : au-delà des tensions, la rencontre des rêves

La récente controverse autour des accommodements raisonnables met en relief les enjeux identitaires, dans les écoles qui desservent une clientèle de plus en plus pluriethnique. La création des liens parents immigrants-écoles, essentielle et souhaitée, est modulée par des tensions sociales et politiques et représente un défi parfois difficile à relever. Cet article rapporte les résultats de groupes de discussion avec des parents et des enseignants dans deux écoles montréalaises, dans le but de documenter la relation parents immigrants-écoles. S’inspirant des recommandations formulées par les participants, la discussion offre des pistes pour repenser les échanges entre les parents et la communauté afin de générer des domaines de compréhension partagée.The recent controversy over reasonable accommodation has underscored identity issues in the increasingly multiethnic student population of Montreal schools. While the establishment of good relations between immigrant parents and schools is essential and to be encouraged, it is subject to sociopolitical tensions and represents a sometimes daunting challenge. In this article, the results of parent-teacher focus groups that were organized in two Montreal schools to collect data on these relations are presented. Building on recommendations made by parents and teachers, the article suggests avenues for rethinking interaction between parents and the community as a way of laying the groundwork for mutual understanding.La reciente controversia alrededor de los acomodamientos razonables hace resaltar los retos identitarios en las escuelas que atienden a una clientela cada vez más multiétnica. La creación de los vínculos padres inmigrantes - escuelas, esencial y deseada, está modulada por tensiones sociales y políticas y representa un desafío a veces difícil de enfrentar. Este artículo presenta los resultados de unos grupos de discusión con padres y maestros en dos escuelas de Montreal, con el propósito de documentar la relación padres inmigrantes - escuelas. Inspirándose de las recomendaciones formuladas por los participantes, la discusión ofrece pistas para repensar los intercambios entre los padres y la comunicad, con la finalidad de generar dominios de comprensión compartida

Influence de la vitesse de sollicitation sur le comportement en compression d'un liège aggloméré renforcé

International audienceThe demand for bio-sourced materials is currently increasing. Cork material because of its unique properties (fire resistant, energy absorbing, ...) is then an excellent candidate for a large set of applications. In order to widen its possible uses, cork agglomerates with reinforcements at a 0.48 density were studied to compare their mechanical performances with classical cork agglomerates. This paper investigates the effect of these foreign reinforcements on the properties of agglomerated cork under a compressive loading. The material behavior has been determined as a function of the average strain rate and the direction of solicitation. The microstructure was first observed through optical and scanning electronic microscopy, spotting charges between each cork bead. The characterisation of cork at different strain rates was then carried out. An electromechanical testing machine was used to apply an uniaxial compression at quasi-static strain rates. Reinforced agglomerated cork was found to be anisotropic and strain-rate dependant. Its micro-structure reveals at complex composite material influencing strongly mechanical properties. Both Young's modulus and absorbed energy density at 0.6 strain increase with the cross-head speed displacement. From 12.7 MPa and 0.77 J · mm −3 when compressed at 0.05 mm · min −1 to 19.9 MPa and 1.44 J · mm −3 at 500 mm · min −1 in the Off-plane direction

Antagonistic control of muscle cell size by AMPK and mTORC1.

7 pages (2640-2646)International audienceNutrition and physical activity have profound effects on skeletal muscle metabolism and growth. Regulation of muscle mass depends on a thin balance between growth-promoting and growth-suppressing factors. Over the past decade, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase has emerged as an essential factor for muscle growth by mediating the anabolic response to nutrients, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and resistance exercise. As opposed to the mTOR signaling pathway, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is switched on during starvation and endurance exercise to upregulate energy-conserving processes. Recent evidence indicates that mTORC1 (mTOR Complex 1) and AMPK represent two antagonistic forces governing muscle adaption to nutrition, starvation and growth stimulation. Animal knockout models with impaired mTORC1 signaling showed decreased muscle mass correlated with increased AMPK activation. Interestingly, AMPK inhibition in p70S6K-deficient muscle cells restores cell growth and sensitivity to nutrients. Conversely, muscle cells lacking AMPK have increased mTORC1 activation with increased cell size and protein synthesis rate. We also demonstrated that the hypertrophic action of MyrAkt is enhanced in AMPK-deficient muscle, indicating that AMPK acts as a negative feedback control to restrain muscle hypertrophy. Our recent results extend this notion by showing that AMPKα1, but not AMPKα2, regulates muscle cell size through the control of mTORC1 signaling. These results reveal the diverse functions of the two catalytic isoforms of AMPK, with AMPKα1 playing a predominant role in the control of muscle cell size and AMPKα2 mediating muscle metabolic adaptation. Thus, the crosstalk between AMPK and mTORC1 signaling is a highly regulated way to control changes in muscle growth and metabolic rate imposed by external cues

An EEG study of detection without localisation in change blindness

Previous studies of change blindness have suggested a distinction between detection and localisation of changes in a visual scene. Using a simple paradigm with an array of coloured squares, the present study aimed to further investigate differences in event-related potentials (ERPs) between trials in which participants could detect the presence of a colour change but not identify the location of the change (sense trials), versus those where participants could both detect and localise the change (localise trials). Individual differences in performance were controlled for by adjusting the difficulty of the task in real time. Behaviourally, reaction times for sense, blind, and false alarm trials were distinguishable when comparing across levels of participant certainty. In the EEG data, we found no significant differences in the visual awareness negativity ERP, contrary to previous findings. In the N2pc range, both awareness conditions (localise and sense) were significantly different to trials with no change detection (blind trials), suggesting that this ERP is not dependent on explicit awareness. Within the late positivity range, all conditions were significantly different. These results suggest that changes can be 'sensed' without knowledge of the location of the changing object, and that participant certainty scores can provide valuable information about the perception of changes in change blindness

La restriction de l’usage du tabac en prison au Québec : effets sur le climat carcéral

L’objectif principal de cet article est de mieux connaître les perceptions de personnes détenues en ce qui a trait aux effets sur le climat carcéral d’un règlement qui vise à restreindre l’usage du tabac dans les établissements de détention québécois. Une méthodologie mixte a été employée afin de recueillir des données auprès de 113 personnes détenues dans trois établissements de détention du Québec. Les données quantitatives ont été analysées de manière descriptive et comparative, alors que les données qualitatives ont fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique. Les résultats de l’étude démontrent que les personnes détenues, en désaccord pour la majorité avec l’implantation du nouveau règlement, ont perçu que son implantation a contribué à une hausse des tensions, du trafic de cigarettes et de leur valeur sur le marché noir. Selon leur position ou leur pouvoir, cette situation peut s’avérer profitable pour certains détenus alors qu’elle accroît la vulnérabilité d’autres détenus. L’hypothèse de départ voulant que l’entrée en vigueur d’un nouveau règlement sur le tabagisme entraîne des perturbations du climat carcéral est soutenue par les résultats obtenus.The aim of this paper is to gain perspective on the social climate found in Quebec’s provincial correctional facilities since the introduction of an indoor smoking ban. Data was collected from 113 inmates incarcerated in three provincial correctional facilities, using a mixed methods design. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics, while qualitative data were the object of a thematic analysis. Results from the study show that inmates, for the most part in disagreement with the new regulation banning indoor smoking, believe its implementation has played a role in increasing social tensions and cigarette trafficking, as well as contributing to a rise in the price of cigarettes on the black market. Depending on their position and influence within the prison environment, this situation was perceived to be either profitable or detrimental to the inmates. The initial hypothesis that the implementation of a new regulation on tobacco use would disrupt the prison’s social climate is supported by the results obtained from this study

Cerebral Correlates of Emotional and Action Appraisals During Visual Processing of Emotional Scenes Depending on Spatial Frequency: A Pilot Study.

International audienceVisual processing of emotional stimuli critically depends on the type of cognitive appraisal involved. The present fMRI pilot study aimed to investigate the cerebral correlates involved in the visual processing of emotional scenes in two tasks, one emotional, based on the appraisal of personal emotional experience, and the other motivational, based on the appraisal of the tendency to action. Given that the use of spatial frequency information is relatively flexible during the visual processing of emotional stimuli depending on the task's demands, we also explored the effect of the type of spatial frequency in visual stimuli in each task by using emotional scenes filtered in low spatial frequency (LSF) and high spatial frequencies (HSF). Activation was observed in the visual areas of the fusiform gyrus for all emotional scenes in both tasks, and in the amygdala for unpleasant scenes only. The motivational task induced additional activation in frontal motor-related areas (e.g. premotor cortex, SMA) and parietal regions (e.g. superior and inferior parietal lobules). Parietal regions were recruited particularly during the motivational appraisal of approach in response to pleasant scenes. These frontal and parietal activations, respectively, suggest that motor and navigation processes play a specific role in the identification of the tendency to action in the motivational task. Furthermore, activity observed in the motivational task, in response to both pleasant and unpleasant scenes, was significantly greater for HSF than for LSF scenes, suggesting that the tendency to action is driven mainly by the detailed information contained in scenes. Results for the emotional task suggest that spatial frequencies play only a small role in the evaluation of unpleasant and pleasant emotions. Our preliminary study revealed a partial distinction between visual processing of emotional scenes during identification of the tendency to action, and during identification of personal emotional experiences. It also illustrates flexible use of the spatial frequencies contained in scenes depending on their emotional valence and on task demands

La fabrique scolaire bruxelloise, urbanisme de proximité pour les quartiers populaires

Si la création de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale en 1989 donne à ce territoire, formé de 19 communes, les compétences en matière d’urbanisme et d’aménagement, parallèlement, le fédéralisme belge institue l’enseignement comme une compétence d’institutions publiques dédiées : les Communautés (flamande, française, germanophone). Il en résulte, de fait, une disjonction entre la planification urbaine de la Région bruxelloise et l’aménagement des équipements scolaires, qui va perdurer pendant plus de trente ans.Aujourd’hui, la création du dispositif de Contrat École semble ouvrir la voie à une réconciliation entre politique urbaine et infrastructure scolaire en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Mais cet outil constitue-t-il réellement une nouveauté dans le paysage des politiques d’aménagement à Bruxelles ? Suivant quels principes et modèles urbanistiques les équipements scolaires bruxellois sont-ils développés dans les quartiers populaires avant la régionalisation de 1989 ?Cet article retrace l’histoire des relations entre urbanisme de proximité et infrastructures scolaires à Bruxelles. Il met en avant la spécificité bruxelloise d’une fabrique incrémentale des équipements scolaires dans les quartiers populaires, nourrie par la diversité des modèles urbanistiques et des modes d’articulation entre enjeux sociaux et territoriaux.With the regionalization of 1989, the Brussels-Capital Region, made up of 19 municipalities, has gained political autonomy in terms of urban planning and development. However, the Belgian federalism model establishes education as a competence of the three Communities (Flemish, French, German-speaking). The result is, de facto, a disjunction between the urban planning of Brussels and the development of schools.Today, the creation of the School Contract seems to bridge policy of urban revitalization with the question of school infrastructure in Brussels. But is this tool really a novelty in the landscape of planning policies in Brussels? According to what urban planning principles and models were schools developed in working-class neighbourhoods before the regionalization of 1989?This article traces the history of the relationship between community planning and school infrastructure in Brussels. It highlights the specificity of an incremental production of school in working-class neighbourhoods, nourished by the diversity of urban planning models and the articulation between social and territorial issues

Nomogram Predicting the Likelihood of Parametrial Involvement in Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: Avoiding Unjustified Radical Hysterectomies

Background: We aimed to establish a tool predicting parametrial involvement (PI) in patients with early-stage cervical cancer and select a sub-group of patients who would most benefit from a less radical surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients from two prospective multicentric databases—SENTICOL I and II—from 2005 to 2012. Patients with early-stage cervical cancer (FIGO 2018 IA with lympho-vascular involvement to IIA1), undergoing radical surgery (hysterectomy or trachelectomy) with bilateral sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping with no metastatic node or PI on pre-operative imaging, were included. Results: In total, 5.2% patients (11/211) presented a histologic PI. After univariate analysis, SLN status, lympho-vascular space invasion, deep stromal invasion and tumor size were significantly associated with PI and were included in our nomogram. Our predictive model had an AUC of 0.92 (IC95% = 0.86–0.98) and presented a good calibration. A low risk group, defined according to the optimal sensitivity and specificity, presented a predicted probability of PI of 2%. Conclusion: Patients could benefit from a two-step approach. Final surgery (i.e. radical surgery and/or lymphadenectomy) would depend on the SLN status and the probability PI calculated after an initial conization with bilateral SLN mapping

Multi-scale foam : 3D structure/compressive behaviour relationship of agglomerated cork

This study focuses on the microstructural aspects of a cork-based by-product known as agglomerated cork and its influence on the compressive mechanical behaviour. The material consists in granulates of a natural polymeric foam - cork - mixed together with a small quantity of a bio-sourced resin. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are first used to investigate on the bead geometry and placement and interfaces arrangement. Then X-ray computed tomography allows to study the spatial arrangement of agglomerated cork microstructure and hence to complete and confirm 2D observations. 2D and 3D observations show a transverse anisotropic material which is confirmed by the mechanical tests. SEM pictures demonstrate an intricate and heterogeneous material. Microtomography confirms the presence of macroporosities between cork granulates having a mean volume around 0.1 mm 3 . Cork cell specific geometry is also confirmed. The volume of those cells lies around 10 −5 mm 3 . Finally quasi-static compression tests are run to establish a link between microstructure and mechanical behaviour thanks to digital image correlation (DIC). Cork agglomerate demonstrates strong strain localisation at its surface caused by its multi-scale structure