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Evolution of host support for two ancient bacterial symbionts with differentially degraded genomes in a leafhopper host.
Plant sap-feeding insects (Hemiptera) rely on bacterial symbionts for nutrition absent in their diets. These bacteria experience extreme genome reduction and require genetic resources from their hosts, particularly for basic cellular processes other than nutrition synthesis. The host-derived mechanisms that complete these processes have remained poorly understood. It is also unclear how hosts meet the distinct needs of multiple bacterial partners with differentially degraded genomes. To address these questions, we investigated the cell-specific gene-expression patterns in the symbiotic organs of the aster leafhopper (ALF), Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Cicadellidae). ALF harbors two intracellular symbionts that have two of the smallest known bacterial genomes: Nasuia (112 kb) and Sulcia (190 kb). Symbionts are segregated into distinct host cell types (bacteriocytes) and vary widely in their basic cellular capabilities. ALF differentially expresses thousands of genes between the bacteriocyte types to meet the functional needs of each symbiont, including the provisioning of metabolites and support of cellular processes. For example, the host highly expresses genes in the bacteriocytes that likely complement gene losses in nucleic acid synthesis, DNA repair mechanisms, transcription, and translation. Such genes are required to function in the bacterial cytosol. Many host genes comprising these support mechanisms are derived from the evolution of novel functional traits via horizontally transferred genes, reassigned mitochondrial support genes, and gene duplications with bacteriocyte-specific expression. Comparison across other hemipteran lineages reveals that hosts generally support the incomplete symbiont cellular processes, but the origins of these support mechanisms are generally specific to the host-symbiont system
Generalized Quantum Telecloning
We present a generalized telecloning (GTC) protocol where the quantum channel
is non-optimally entangled and we study how the fidelity of the telecloned
states depends on the entanglement of the channel. We show that one can
increase the fidelity of the telecloned states, achieving the optimal value in
some situations, by properly choosing the measurement basis at Alice's, albeit
turning the protocol to a probabilistic one. We also show how one can convert
the GTC protocol to the teleportation protocol via proper unitary operations.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, RevTex4; v2: published version, 8 pages, 4
figures, RevTex4, to appear at Eur. Phys. J.
Advocacy and Responsibility: Conflicting Paradigms?
Advocacy and Responsibility: Conflicting Paradigms
The Honorable Frank Haswell
The Honorable Frank Haswel
White Doves at Morning
From crime fiction to historical novel Familiar author takes on a new genre After making his commercial bones in crime fiction, James Lee Burke takes a shot at an historical novel with White Doves at Morning, a Civil War melodrama featuring the best-selling author\u27s usual...
How to Maximize the Capacity of General Quantum Noisy Channels
A general quantum noisy channel is analyzed, wherein the transmitted qubits
may experience symmetry-breaking decoherence, along with memory effects. We
find the optimal basis not to be fully entangled, but a combination of
factorized and partially-entangled states in the presence of memory, asymmetry
and the state-bias of the noise. Capacity-maximization is shown to be
achievable by combining temporal shaping of the transmitted qubits and optimal
basis selection.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Transcript for Episode 02: Firing Up the Crucible: Gordon Bennett with Senator Lee Metcalf & Governor Forrest Anderson
https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/crucible_transcriptions/1001/thumbnail.jp
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