Los límites a la soberanía de los Estados y la justicia internacional: el caso Eichmann

Grado en Derecho y Grado en Relaciones InternacionalesEn la sociedad internacional en la que vivimos, la soberanía se erige como uno de los pilares fundamentales del Derecho Internacional gracias a la cual los Estados son capaces de relacionarse como entes independientes y autónomos, y generar obligaciones entre ellos. La soberanía es, por tanto, inviolable para poder garantizar un ambiente de paz y seguridad entre las naciones del mundo. A lo largo de la historia, y dentro de la consideración de los Estados como entes soberanos, se va moldeando en la comunidad internacional una necesidad de otorgar capacidad a los Estados para enjuiciar crímenes que afecten a la totalidad de la humanidad. Es en este contexto, después de la II Guerra Mundial, en el que aparece el caso Eichmann. Este trabajo busca estudiar como pueden confluir la protección a la soberanía de los Estados como pilar del sistema internacional vigente con la legitimidad alegada por Israel para enjuiciar a Adolf Eichmann por los crímenes cometidos durante el III Reich, sin tener en cuenta los medios por los que el sujeto fue llevado ante la justicia israelí.We live in an international society in which national sovereignty stands as one of the fundamental mainstays of International Law. Thanks to sovereignty, states are able to interact with each other as independent and autonomous entities and generate reciprocal obligations. Thus, sovereignty has to be inviolable in order to guarantee an environment of peace and security amongst nations. Throughout history, the international community has been shaping a necessity of granting states capacity to prosecute a series of crimes that are considered to affect humanity as a whole. It is in this context, after World War II, that the Eichmann case appears. This project focuses on the analysis of the convergence of the protection of national sovereignty as a pillar of the international system and the legitimacy claimed by the State of Israel to prosecute Adolf Eichmann for the crimes he committed during the III Reich, regardless of the means by which the suspect was brought to Israeli justice

Las raíces del odio: un estudio de los modelos culturales esenciales en Camboya y su efecto en el desencadenamiento del genocidio

Grado en Derecho y Grado en Relaciones InternacionalesLas características culturales de la sociedad en la que vivimos influyen de un modo determinante en nuestro comportamiento. En este sentido, Camboya presenta una serie de factores culturales propios y tradicionales que moldean la forma en la que las personas se comportan en su vida cotidiana, como son el honor, el kum, la apariencia o la jerarquía. Estos modelos culturales se encuentran intrínsecos en esta sociedad, son inherentes a ella, y prueba de ello son los poemas del Tum Teav o el Reamker. En 1975, el Partido Comunista de Kampuchea emprendió un genocidio que acabó con más del 20% de la población de Camboya por aquel entonces y que ha supuesto una de las mayores violaciones de derechos humanos de la historia. Más allá de los desencadenantes fácticos del genocidio, tales como la Guerra de Vietnam o la inestabilidad económica, este trabajo pretende investigar el modo en el que los modelos culturales tradicionales en Camboya como el kum o el honor influyeron de manera decisiva en el surgimiento del sentimiento del odio que experimentaron los Jemeres Rojos para cometer las atrocidades que constituyeron el genocidio entre 1975 y 1979. Del mismo modo, se analiza cómo estos factores culturales se encuentran presentes en otras sociedades que también han sido víctimas de un genocidio a lo largo de su historia.The cultural characteristics of the society in which we live in influence our behavior in a decisive way. In this sense, Cambodia presents a series of common and traditional cultural factors that shape the way in which people behave in their daily lives, such as honor, kum, face or hierarchy. These cultural models are intrinsic in the Cambodian society, they are inherent in it. To prove it we find several typical poems like Tum Teav or Reamker. In 1975, the Communist Party of Kampuchea carried out a genocide that killed more than 20% of the Cambodian population, and which is considered to as one of the most serious violations of human rights in history. Beyond the factual drivers of genocide, like the Vietnam War or the economic instability, this project is aimed at investigating the way in which the traditional Cambodian cultural models like kum or honor did have considerable influence in the emergence of a sentiment of hatred that the Khmer Rouge experimented to carry out the atrocities that constituted the genocide between 1975 and 1979. In the same way, I analyze how these cultural factors can also be found in other societies that have been a victim of a genocide throughout their history

Feasibility of 4D-Spatio Temporal Image Correlation (STIC) in the Comprehensive Assessment of the Fetal Heart Using FetalHQ®.

Fetal Heart Quantification (FetalHQ®) is a novel speckle tracking software that permits the study of global and regional ventricular shape and function from a 2D four-chamber-view loop. The 4D-Spatio Temporal Image Correlation (STIC) modality enables the offline analysis of optimized and perfectly aligned cardiac planes. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of 4D-STIC speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) using FetalHQ® and to compare it to 2D STE. We conducted a prospective study including 31 low-risk singleton pregnancies between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. Four-chamber view volumes and 2D clips were acquired with an apex pointing at 45° and with a frame rate higher than 60 Hz. Morphometric and functional echocardiography was performed by FetalHQ®. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility were evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Our results showed excellent reproducibility (ICC > 0.900) for morphometric evaluation (biventricular area, longitudinal and transverse diameters). Reproducibility was also good (ICC > 0.800) for functional evaluation (biventricular strain, Fractional Area Change, left ventricle volumes, ejection fraction and cardiac output). On the contrary, the study of the sphericity index and shortening fraction of the different ventricular segments showed lower reproducibility (ICC < 0.800). To conclude, 4D-STIC is feasible, reproducible and comparable to 2D echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac morphometry and function

Analysis of maturation features in fetal brain ultrasound via artificial intelligence for the estimation of gestational age

Background: Optimal prenatal care relies on accurate gestational age dating. After the first trimester, the accuracy of current gestational age estimation methods diminishes with increasing gestational age. Considering that, in many countries, access to first trimester crown rump length is still difficult owing to late booking, infrequent access to prenatal care, and unavailability of early ultrasound examination, the development of accurate methods for gestational age estimation in the second and third trimester of pregnancy remains an unsolved challenge in fetal medicine. Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of an artificial intelligence method based on automated analysis of fetal brain morphology on standard cranial ultrasound sections to estimate the gestational age in second and third trimester fetuses compared with the current formulas using standard fetal biometry. Study Design: Standard transthalamic axial plane images from a total of 1394 patients undergoing routine fetal ultrasound were used to develop an artificial intelligence method to automatically estimate gestational age from the analysis of fetal brain information. We compared its performance—as stand alone or in combination with fetal biometric parameters—against 4 currently used fetal biometry formulas on a series of 3065 scans from 1992 patients undergoing second (n=1761) or third trimester (n=1298) routine ultrasound, with known gestational age estimated from crown rump length in the first trimester. Results: Overall, 95% confidence interval of the error in gestational age estimation was 14.2 days for the artificial intelligence method alone and 11.0 when used in combination with fetal biometric parameters, compared with 12.9 days of the best method using standard biometrics alone. In the third trimester, the lower 95% confidence interval errors were 14.3 days for artificial intelligence in combination with biometric parameters and 17 days for fetal biometrics, whereas in the second trimester, the 95% confidence interval error was 6.7 and 7, respectively. The performance differences were even larger in the small-for-gestational-age fetuses group (14.8 and 18.5, respectively). Conclusion: An automated artificial intelligence method using standard sonographic fetal planes yielded similar or lower error in gestational age estimation compared with fetal biometric parameters, especially in the third trimester. These results support further research to improve the performance of these methods in larger studies.The research leading to these results was partially funded by Transmural Biotech S.L. In addition, the research has received funding from “la Caixa” Foundation under grant agreements LCF/PR/GN14/10270005 and LCF/PR/GN18/10310003, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/00861, PI17/00675) within the Plan Nacional de I+D+I and cofinanced by Instituto de Salud Carlos III— Subdirección General de Evaluación together with the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) “Una manera de hacer Europa,” Cerebra Foundation for the Brain Injured Child (Carmarthen, Wales, United Kingdom), Cellex Foundation, ASISA Foundation, and Agency for Management of University and Research Grants under grant 2017 SGR number 1531. In addition, E.E. has received funding from the Departament de Salut under grant number SLT008/18/00156.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Differential changes in myocardial performance index and its time intervals in donors and recipients of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome before and after laser therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate left myocardial performance index (MPI) and time intervals in fetuses with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) before and after laser surgery. METHODS: Fifty-one fetal pairs with TTTS and 47 uncomplicated monochorionic twin pairs were included. Left ventricular isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), ejection time (ET), and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT) were measured using conventional Doppler. RESULTS: Recipients showed prolonged ICT (46 ± 12 vs. 31 ± 8 vs. 30 ± 5 ms; p < 0.001) and IRT (51 ± 9 vs. 43 ± 8 vs. 43 ± 5 ms; p < 0.001) and higher MPI (0.57 ± 0.12 vs. 0.47 ± 0.09 vs. 0.44 ± 0.05; p < 0.001) than donors and controls. Donors showed shorter ET than recipients and controls (157 ± 12 vs. 169 ± 10 vs. 168 ± 10 ms; p < 0.001) and higher MPI than controls (0.47 ± 0.09 vs. 0.44 ± 0.05; p = 0.006). Preoperative MPI changes were observed in all TTTS stages. Time intervals partially improved after surgery. CONCLUSION: Donor and recipient twins had higher MPI due to different changes in the time intervals, possibly reflecting the state of hypovolemia in the donor and hypervolemia and pressure overload in the recipient

Uncomplicated monochorionic twins: two normal hearts sharing one placenta

Cardiovascular dysfunction has been reported in complicated monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancies; however, little is known whether hemodynamic changes occur in uncomplicated MCDA twins. A prospective observational study was conducted including 100 uncomplicated MCDA twins matched by gestational age to 200 low-risk singletons. Echocardiography was performed at 26-30 weeks gestation and cord blood B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) was measured at delivery. In both groups, z-scores for echocardiographic parameters were within normal ranges; however the monochorionic group had larger atrial areas (mean (standard deviation) right atria-to-heart ratio: 17.0 (2) vs. 15.9 (1); p = 0.018; left atria-to-heart ratio: 17.0 (3) vs. 15.8 (2); p < 0.001) and signs of concentric hypertrophy (right relative wall thickness: 0.66 (0.12) vs. 0.56 (0.11); p < 0.001; left relative wall thickness: 0.69 (0.14) vs. 0.58 (0.12); p < 0.001). Longitudinal function was increased in twins, leading to higher tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (6.9 mm (0.9) vs. 5.9 mm (0.7); p < 0.001) and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (4.9 mm (0.8) vs. 4.4 mm (1.1); p < 0.001. BNP levels at birth were also higher in MCDA twins (median [interquartile range]: 20.81 pg/mL [16.69-34.01] vs. 13.14 pg/mL [9.17-19.84]; p < 0.001). Thus, uncomplicated MCDA fetuses have normal cardiac shape and function, but signs of cardiac adaptation were identified by echocardiographic and biochemical parameters, when compared with singletons

Monitoring and Management of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn Based on an International Expert Delphi Consensus

: The study aimed to develop structured, expert-based clinical guidance on the prenatal and postnatal management of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. A Delphi procedure was conducted among an international panel of experts in fetal medicine, neonatology, and hematology. Experts were selected based on their expertise, relevant publications, and affiliations. The domains were (i) prenatal workup, (ii) prenatal monitoring and management, (iii) intrauterine transfusion, (iv) delivery, and (v) postnatal management. The pre-defined cut-off for consensus was ≥70% agreement. One hundred-seven experts representing 25 countries across six continents completed the first round, and 100 (93.5%) completed the subsequent rounds. 75.3% agreed on using cfDNA to determine fetal antigen status, particularly for RhD, Kell, and Rhc antigens. The critical titer, requiring fetal monitoring via ultrasound, is considered when the threshold of ≥16 is for non-Kell antigens. 70.0% agreed on the use of maternal IVIg in pregnancies with prior intrauterine transfusion (IUT) <24 weeks or fetal/neonatal death due to HDFN. The minimum GA for IUT is 16 to 18 weeks, and the maximum is 350/7 to 356/7 weeks. Postnatal management consensus was reached for the following: anemia labs should be investigated in the affected neonates before hospital discharge (92.0% agreement), and if they received IUT, the labs should be repeated within one week of discharge (84.0% agreement). 96.0% agreed that exchange transfusions should be centralized in hospitals with sufficient exposure and experience, and 92.0% agreed that the hemoglobin cut-off level to consider transfusion following hospital discharge is 7g/dL, and the newborns need to be monitored until 2-3 months of age (96.0% agreement)