A phylogenetic survey of the ascomycete genus Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Lecanoromycetes) including new species in Arthrorhaphis citrinella sensu lato

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Bruk av fullmakter i helseforhold

Avhandlingens hovedproblemstilling er hvilke krav som stilles til bruk av fullmakt i helseforhold. Innenfor avhandlingens hovedproblemstilling vil jeg redegjøre for følgende krav: (i) kan en annen enn pasienten selv gi samtykke til helsehjelp på pasientens vegne med hjemmel i fullmakt, (ii) hvilke krav stilles til pasienter som gir denne typen fullmakt, (iii) hvilke formkrav stilles til fullmakten og (iv) er det noen begrensninger på hva det materielle innholdet i fullmakten kan være. I sammenheng med problemstilling iv vil jeg se på bruken av livstestamenter i helseforhold

New data on lichenicolous fungi in Norway

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New and noteworthy lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Norway

Twelve species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported as new to Fennoscandia. Additionally, we report 19 species as new to Norway. New localites are given for 47 rare or seldom collected species. The new combination Reichlingia anombrophila (Coppins & P. James) Frisch is proposed. Most collections were made in the boreo-nemoral and boreal rainforests during the NBIC funded project Three storied diversity – mapping and barcoding crustose lichens and lichenicolous fungi in the Norwegian rainforests and associated fieldwork in recent years. With the present contribution, we hope to raise awareness on previously neglected groups of lichenised and lichenicolous fungi and encourage further fieldwork in understudied habitats in Norway.publishedVersio

A regional study of the genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Asia and Melanesia

Phyllopsora is a crustose to squamulose lichen genus inhabiting the bark of trees in moist tropical forests and rainforests. Species identification is generally challenging and is mainly based on ascospore morphology, thallus morphology and anatomy, vegetative dispersal units, and on secondary chemistry. While regional treatments of the genus have been conducted for Africa, South America and Australia, there exists no study focusing on the Asian and Melanesian species. Previously, 24 species of Phyllopsora s. str. have been reported from major national studies and checklists representing 13 countries. We have studied herbarium material of 625 Phyllopsora specimens from 18 countries using morphology, anatomy, secondary chemistry, and molecular data to investigate the diversity of Phyllopsora species in Asia and Melanesia. We report the occurrence of 28 species of Phyllopsora including the following three species described as new to science: P. sabahana from Malaysia, P. siamensis from Thailand and P. pseudocorallina from Asia and Africa. Eight species are reported as new to Asia. A key to the Asian and Melanesian species of Phyllopsora is provided

Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species, Nephroma orvoi, in the N. parile species complex (lichenized Ascomycota)

Our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of many groups of lichens remains poor due to unclear species boundaries and challenging species identification. We have studied the medium sized to large foliose lichen Nephroma parile, which is known to be heterogeneous in chemistry and genetics. Our aim has been to assess the potential presence of evolutionary significant units within the Nephroma parile species complex that may be worthy of recognition at species level. Using phylogenetic analysis of the fungal DNA-barcode marker (ITS) in combination with studies of morphology and chemistry, we discover two distinct lineages in the N. parile species complex. For the strongly supported clade that corresponds to chemotype II, we describe the new species Nephroma orvoi. The new species is known from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Canada (Alberta and British Columbia), USA (Washington), and Greenland.publishedVersio

Accelerated Rates of Floral Evolution at the Upper Size Limit for Flowers

SummaryEvolutionary theory explains phenotypic change as the result of natural selection, with constraint limiting the direction, magnitude, and rate of response [1]. Constraint is particularly likely to govern evolutionary change when a trait is at perceived upper or lower limits. Macroevolutionary rates of floral-size change are unknown for any angiosperm family, but it is predicted that rates should be diminished near the upper size limit of flowers, as has been shown for mammal body mass [2]. Our molecular results show that rates of floral-size evolution have been extremely rapid in the endoholoparasite Rafflesia, which contains the world's largest flowers [3]. These data provide the first estimates of macroevolutionary rates of floral-size change and indicate that in this lineage, floral diameter increased by an average of 20 cm (and up to 90 cm)/million years. In contrast to our expectations, it appears that the magnitude and rate of floral-size increase is greater for lineages with larger flowered ancestors. This study suggests that constraints on rates of floral-size evolution may not be limiting in Rafflesia, reinforcing results of artificial- and natural-selection studies in other plants that demonstrated the potential for rapid size changes [4–6]

Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species, Nephroma orvoi, in the N. parile species complex (lichenized Ascomycota)

Our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of many groups of lichens remains poor due to unclear species boundaries and challenging species identification. We have studied the medium sized to large foliose lichen Nephroma parile, which is known to be heterogeneous in chemistry and genetics. Our aim has been to assess the potential presence of evolutionary significant units within the Nephroma parile species complex that may be worthy of recognition at species level. Using phylogenetic analysis of the fungal DNA-barcode marker (ITS) in combination with studies of morphology and chemistry, we discover two distinct lineages in the N. parile species complex. For the strongly supported clade that corresponds to chemotype II, we describe the new species Nephroma orvoi. The new species is known from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Canada (Alberta and British Columbia), USA (Washington), and Greenland.publishedVersio