Breakout Local Search for the Travelling Salesman Problem

The travelling salesman problem (TSP), a famous NP-hard combinatorial optimisation problem (COP), consists of finding a minimum length tour that visits n cities exactly once and comes back to the starting city. This paper presents a resolution of the TSP using the breakout local search metaheuristic algorithm (BLS), which is based on the iterated local search (ILS) framework and improves it by introducing some fundamental features of several well-established metaheuristics such as tabu search (TS) and variable neighbourhood search (VNS). BLS moves from a local optimum of a neighbourhood to another by applying perturbation jumps whose type and number are determined adaptively. It has already been applied to many COP and gives good results. This innovative hybridisation resolved well 41 instances from the commonly used benchmark library TSPLIB. The high quality of experimental results shows the competitiveness of the proposed algorithm compared to other algorithms based on local search

Role of molecular tools and serology tests in the diagnosis of the novel coronavirus: SARS-CoV-2

Since the emergenceof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), it has become increasingly clear that bats are important reservoirs of coronaviruses. This investigation, with the apparition of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan (China, December 2019), has shown 96.2% sequence similarity with the bat coronavirus. Through this review, we report the characterization of a SARS-CoV-2. The virus belongs to the Betacoronavirusgenera and shares less than 80% of identity with the SARS-CoV. This similarity was helpful to develop RT-PCR and other tools involved in SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. We also report the importance of the different molecular tools and, the possible use of serology tests in the diagnosis of COVID-19. We discussed the strengths and weaknesses of each of these methods

ANALISIS PERILAKU MASYARAKAT DALAM MEMBUANG SAMPAH DI BANTARAN SUNGAI SETAIL

Perilaku masyarakat dalam membuang sampah di bantaran Sungai Setail menjadi penyebab terjadinya pencemaran sungai. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis  perilaku masyarakat dalam membuang sampah plastik di bantaran sungai setail dengan harapan masyarakat dapat lebih tanggap dan memahami akan masalah dilingkungan sekitar yang dapat merugikan alam dan manusia karena tindakan pembuangan sampah di bantaran sungai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskripsi yang dilakukan melalui survey dengan metode pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner. Lokasi penelitian ini dilaksanakan di sekitar Bantaran Sungai Setail Desa Purwoharjo, dengan sampel penelitian adalah masyarakat Dusun Curahpecak Desa Purwoharjo Kecamatan Purwoharjo yang berjumlah 30 orang. Data penelitian dianalisis untuk mengetahui perilaku masyarakat membuang sampah plastik di bantaran Sungai Setail dengan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku masyarakat membuang sampah  mulai dari yang tertinggi sampai terendah adalah indicator sikap sebesar 88%, indicator pengetahuan sebesar  68% dan indikator sarana prasarana sebesar 62%. Data penelitian dapat disimpulkan perilaku masyarakat membuang sampah plastik di bantaran sungai setail masih berlangsung karena kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat akan penyebab yang ditimbulkan dari pembuangan sampah di sungai. Tingginya pengetahuan masyarakat tidak menjadi patokan terkait  kesadaran yang dimiliki masyarakat untuk tidak mencemari sungai.Perilaku masyarakat dalam membuang sampah di bantaran Sungai Setail menjadi penyebab terjadinya pencemaran sungai. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis  perilaku masyarakat dalam membuang sampah plastik di bantaran sungai setail dengan harapan masyarakat dapat lebih tanggap dan memahami akan masalah dilingkungan sekitar yang dapat merugikan alam dan manusia karena tindakan pembuangan sampah di bantaran sungai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskripsi yang dilakukan melalui survey dengan metode pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner. Lokasi penelitian ini dilaksanakan di sekitar Bantaran Sungai Setail Desa Purwoharjo, dengan sampel penelitian adalah masyarakat Dusun Curahpecak Desa Purwoharjo Kecamatan Purwoharjo yang berjumlah 30 orang. Data penelitian dianalisis untuk mengetahui perilaku masyarakat membuang sampah plastik di bantaran Sungai Setail dengan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku masyarakat membuang sampah  mulai dari yang tertinggi sampai terendah adalah indicator sikap sebesar 88%, indicator pengetahuan sebesar  68% dan indikator sarana prasarana sebesar 62%. Data penelitian dapat disimpulkan perilaku masyarakat membuang sampah plastik di bantaran sungai setail masih berlangsung karena kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat akan penyebab yang ditimbulkan dari pembuangan sampah di sungai. Tingginya pengetahuan masyarakat tidak menjadi patokan terkait  kesadaran yang dimiliki masyarakat untuk tidak mencemari sungai

Management of Viral Hepatitis C: Therapeutic and Economic Study in Morocco

Viral hepatitis C is not only a major public health problem by its significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, but also a medical and economical burden. Over the last 5 years, numerous research laboratories have enabled the development of several direct acting anti-HCV molecules whose effectiveness is well established. Great progress has been made in particular in the field of therapy although the cost of these treatments is today the focus of discussions, dissemination of new antiviral treatments to direct action should be a priority for public powers to heal and reduce the complications of this disease, thus the line ministry has given permission to market a generic of sofosbuvir drugs at an affordable price, acceptable and 80 times cheaper than the princeps. The first part of this paper elucidates the news of new drugs available to treat HCV, in the second part economical study aspects of the different therapeutical strategies currently available in Morocco. Thus we will study impacts of economical consequences of the therapy used against chronic hepatitis C. Keywords: Sofosbuvir; hepatitis C; direct-acting antiviral; guideline and management of viral hepatitis C; therapeutic and economic study in morocco; sustained virological respons

Hypothalamus-olfactory system crosstalk: orexin a immunostaining in mice.

Short title: Orexin in miceInternational audienceIt is well known that olfaction influences food intake, and conversely, that an individual's nutritional status modulates olfactory sensitivity. However, what is still poorly understood is the neuronal correlate of this relationship, as well as the connections between the olfactory bulb and the hypothalamus. The goal of this report is to analyze the relationship between the olfactory bulb and hypothalamus, focusing on orexin A immunostaining, a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is thought to play a role in states of sleep/wakefulness. Interestingly, orexin A has also been described as a food intake stimulator. Such an effect may be due in part to the stimulation of the olfactory bulbar pathway. In rats, orexin positive cells are concentrated strictly in the lateral hypothalamus, while their projections invade nearly the entire brain including the olfactory system. Therefore, orexin appears to be a good candidate to play a pivotal role in connecting olfactory and hypothalamic pathways. So far, orexin has been described in rats, however, there is still a lack of information concerning its expression in the brains of adult and developing mice. In this context, we revisited the orexin A pattern in adult and developing mice using immunohistological methods and confocal microscopy. Besides minor differences, orexin A immunostaining in mice shares many features with those observed in rats. In the olfactory bulb, even though there are few orexin projections, they reach all the different layers of the olfactory bulb. In contrast to the presence of orexin projections in the main olfactory bulb, almost none have been found in the accessory olfactory bulb. The developmental expression of orexin A supports the hypothesis that orexin expression only appears post-natally

Enhanced Hypothalamic Glucose Sensing in Obesity: Alteration of Redox Signaling

1939-327X (Electronic) Journal articleObjective : Recent data demonstrate that glucose sensing in different tissues is initiated by an intracellular redox-signaling pathway in physiological conditions. However, the relevance of such a mechanism in metabolic disease is not known. The aim of the present study was to determine whether brain-glucose hypersensitivity present in obese Zucker rat is related to an alteration in redox signaling. Research design and Methods: Brain glucose sensing alteration was investigated in vivo through the evaluation of electrical activity in arcuate nucleus, changes in ROS levels, and hypothalamic glucose-induced insulin secretion. In basal conditions, modifications of redox state and mitochondrial function were assessed through oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase, aconitase activities and mitochondrial respiration. Results : Hypothalamic hypersensitivity to glucose was characterized by enhanced electrical activity of the arcuate nucleus and increased insulin secretion at a low glucose concentration, which does not produce such an effect in normal rats. It was associated with 1) increased ROS levels in response to this low glucose load, 2) constitutive oxidized environment coupled with lower antioxidant enzyme activity at both the cellular and mitochondrial level, and 3) over-expression of several mitochondrial subunits of the respiratory chain coupled with a global dysfunction in mitochondrial activity. Moreover, pharmacological restoration of the glutathione hypothalamic redox state by reduced-glutathione infusion in the third ventricle fully reversed the cerebral hypersensitivity to glucose. Conclusions : Altogether, these data demonstrate that obese Zucker rats' impaired hypothalamic regulation in terms of glucose sensing is linked to an abnormal redox signaling, which originates from mitochondria dysfunction

Hypothalamic Reactive Oxygen Species Are Required for Insulin-Induced Food Intake Inhibition: An NADPH Oxidase–Dependent Mechanism

1939-327X (Electronic) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tOBJECTIVE: Insulin plays an important role in the hypothalamic control of energy balance, especially by reducing food intake. Emerging data point to a pivotal role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in energy homeostasis regulation, but their involvement in the anorexigenic effect of insulin is unknown. Furthermore, ROS signal derived from NADPH oxidase activation is required for physiological insulin effects in peripheral cells. In this study, we investigated the involvement of hypothalamic ROS and NADPH oxidase in the feeding behavior regulation by insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We first measured hypothalamic ROS levels and food intake after acute intracerebroventricular injection of insulin. Second, effect of pretreatment with a ROS scavenger or an NADPH oxidase inhibitor was evaluated. Third, we examined the consequences of two nutritional conditions of central insulin unresponsiveness (fasting or short-term high-fat diet) on the ability of insulin to modify ROS level and food intake. RESULTS: In normal chow-fed mice, insulin inhibited food intake. At the same dose, insulin rapidly and transiently increased hypothalamic ROS levels by 36%. The pharmacological suppression of this insulin-stimulated ROS elevation, either by antioxidant or by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, abolished the anorexigenic effect of insulin. Finally, in fasted and short-term high-fat diet-fed mice, insulin did not promote elevation of ROS level and food intake inhibition, likely because of an increase in hypothalamic diet-induced antioxidant defense systems. CONCLUSIONS: A hypothalamic ROS increase through NADPH oxidase is required for the anorexigenic effect of insulin