23 research outputs found
Who Owns the Data? Open Data for Healthcare.
Research on large shared medical datasets and data-driven research are gaining fast momentum and provide major opportunities for improving health systems as well as individual care. Such open data can shed light on the causes of disease and effects of treatment, including adverse reactions side-effects of treatments, while also facilitating analyses tailored to an individual's characteristics, known as personalized or "stratified medicine." Developments, such as crowdsourcing, participatory surveillance, and individuals pledging to become "data donors" and the "quantified self" movement (where citizens share data through mobile device-connected technologies), have great potential to contribute to our knowledge of disease, improving diagnostics, and delivery of -healthcare and treatment. There is not only a great potential but also major concerns over privacy, confidentiality, and control of data about individuals once it is shared. Issues, such as user trust, data privacy, transparency over the control of data ownership, and the implications of data analytics for personal privacy with potentially intrusive inferences, are becoming increasingly scrutinized at national and international levels. This can be seen in the recent backlash over the proposed implementation of care.data, which enables individuals' NHS data to be linked, retained, and shared for other uses, such as research and, more controversially, with businesses for commercial exploitation. By way of contrast, through increasing popularity of social media, GPS-enabled mobile apps and tracking/wearable devices, the IT industry and MedTech giants are pursuing new projects without clear public and policy discussion about ownership and responsibility for user-generated data. In the absence of transparent regulation, this paper addresses the opportunities of Big Data in healthcare together with issues of responsibility and accountability. It also aims to pave the way for public policy to support a balanced agenda that safeguards personal information while enabling the use of data to improve public health
A LiDAR-based urban metabolism approach to neighbourhood scale energy and carbon emissions modelling
[Research report published as hard copy (UBC)] A LIDAR-BASED URBAN METABOLISM
APPROACH TO NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE
ENERGY AND CARBON EMISSIONS
MODELLING prototypes a remote sensingbased
means to neighbourhood-scale energy and
carbon modelling. Building on a Vancouver case
study neighbourhood for which remote sensing,
atmospheric carbon flux, urban form, energy
and emissions data have been compiled and
aggregated, the project demonstrates a replicable
neighbourhood-scale approach that illustrates:
• Holistic, systems-based and context-sensitive
approaches to urban energy and carbon
emissions modelling.
• Methods of deriving energy- and emissionsrelated
urban form attributes (land use, building
type, vegetation, for example) from remote
sensing technologies.
• Methods of integrating diverse emission and
uptake processes (combustion, respiration,
photosynthesis), on a range of scales and
resolutions based on spatial and non-spatial
data relevant to urban form, energy and
emissions modelling.
• Scalable, type-based methods of building
energy modeling and scenario-building.
• Benchmark comparisons of modelled estimates
with directly measured energy consumption
data and two years of directly measured carbon
fluxes (emissions) on a research tower above
the neighbourhood.
0.0.1 Key Model Results
• Carbon imports: Based on project urban
metabolism scope and methods, the study area
imports approximately 6.69 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹
(or 1.04 t C cap⁻¹) in form of fuels, food and
materials and uptakes 0.49 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹ from
the atmosphere though photosynthesis of urban
vegetation.
• Carbon exports and sequestration: Sources
within the study area emit 6.22 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹
(0.97 t C cap⁻¹) or 87% of the imports to the
atmosphere, and 0.87 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹ (0.14 t
C cap⁻¹) or 12% of the imports are exported
laterally by waste. 1% of the imported carbon,
or 0.09 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹ (0.01 t C cap⁻¹) is
sequestered in urban soils and biomass.
• Relevant emission processes: Out of
all local emissions from the study area to the
atmosphere, 2.47 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹ (40%) are
originating from buildings, 2.93 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹
(47%) from transportation, 0.49 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹
(8%) from human respiration and 0.33 kg C
m⁻² year⁻¹ (5%) from respiration of soils and
vegetation. Emissions attributable to fuels,
resource and food production, transport or
transmission, and waste management outside
the study neighborhood were not considered.
• Fossil fuel emissions: Out of the local fossil
fuel emissions in the study area, 46% originate
from the building sector (natural gas), and 54%
are attributable to transportation uses (gasoline,
diesel). Out of the transportation emissions,
11% (0.31 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹) are attributable to
carbon emitted on trips generated within the
study area and 89% (2.62 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹) to
carbon emitted on trips passing through the
study area.
• Renewable carbon cycling: Photosynthesis
and human, soil and vegetation respiration take
up / emit renewable carbon. These processes
have potential to offset (take-up) carbon from
other sources as well as generate (emit) carbon
when carbon pools are disturbed, by urban land
use change and (re-)development, for example.
• Benchmark to direct emission
measurements: Two years of measurements
on a carbon flux tower in the centre of the study
area allow a comparison of modelled results
to directly measured carbon emissions. The
modelled and measured emissions agreed very
well i.e. 6.71 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹ were measured vs.
7.46 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹ modelled (refers to a subset
of the study area weighted by the turbulent
source are of the tower). The model is slightly
overestimates actual emissions by 0.75 kg C m⁻² year⁻¹
(or 11%) which is mostly attributed to
the lack of vehicle speed representation in the
transportation model.
0.0.2 Key Findings on Project
Methodology
• Remote sensing: Remote sensing
technologies such as LiDAR and multispectral
satellite imagery have been demonstrated to be
an effective means to generate, spatialize inputs
and extract urban form and land cover data at
fine scales (down to 1 m). These urban form
attributes and data provide the inputs necessary
to energy and emission modelling tasks in
the building sector and to quantify vegetation
emissions / uptake.
• Building-type approach: Type-based
modelling methods, data limitations aside,
provide an effective means to scale building
to neighbourhood energy modelling. These
methods also facilitate definition of crucial
morphological and performance attributes
through which to filter remote sensing data
and to scope potential mitigation strategies and
scenarios.
• Comparison of measured with modelled
emissions: Direct carbon flux measurements
on urban flux towers are demonstrated to be
a method of validation of fine-scale emission
inventories / models. Given the prototype
nature of the approach and methods, close
agreement between tower measurements and
model results in this study is a successful and
promising outcome.
• Limitations: While promising, the urban
metabolism approach demonstrated has also
been necessarily limited in several ways. Only
one metabolic aspect — mass balance of
carbon, has been considered and measured.
The spatial scale and complexity is modest — a
2km square ‘neighbourhood’ of moderate land
use and urban form diversity. Out of study area
carbon emissions generated in the production of
food or consumer goods or the extent of local
origin trips has not been considered.
0.0.3 Key Findings from Illustrative
Scenarios
• Material emissions reduction targets:
Illustrative scenarios demonstrate that, on a per
capita basis, local origin carbon emissions in the
Sunset study area could meet British Columbia’s
2020 carbon reduction goal (33% below 2007
levels) with full adoption of current best practice
space conditioning and vehicle fuel efficiency
standards. However, progress toward greater
emissions reductions beyond that goal require
greater population and employment density
in compact and mixed use, pedestrian- and
transit-oriented patterns of urban form. Meeting
British Columbia’s 2050 carbon reduction
goal (80% below 2007 levels) would depend
on full adoption of these best practice urban
form strategies in combination with significant
additional technological improvement in the
energy efficiency of buildings, vehicles and
infrastructure as well as significant human
behaviour change toward less energy intensive
lifestyles.Arts, Faculty ofGeography, Department ofReviewedFacultyResearcherGraduat
'Because even the placement of a comma might be important': Expertise, filtered embodiment and social capital in online sexual health promotion
The Terrence Higgins Trust (THT) is a leading UK HIV and sexual health organization, and community outreach and support remain a key tenet of the charity’s philosophy. Outreach work includes campaign drives in bars, clubs and saunas, peer-led workshops, support groups, condom distribution in community venues and one-to-one intervention programmes to help raise HIV/AIDS awareness. But what happens to community activism and outreach when the community one seeks to engage moves online? In this article, we report on a study capturing the experiences of workers engaged in THT’s digital outreach service, Netreach. Using ethnographic and other qualitative methods, we identify the shifting nature of health promotion outreach work and the changes in expert–client relationship that occur when community outreach takes place on digital platforms. We identify how issues of (dis)embodiment, expertise and cultural capital play a role in determining the success – or failure – of online outreach work