Effects of Exercise Training on Bone Health Parameters in Individuals With Obesity:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

International audienceBackground: Osteoporosis causes bone fragility, increasing the risk of fractures. Evidence suggests a strong correlation between obesity and fracture risk. Physical training is known to enhance bone resistance and protect from fracture; however, its osteogenic effect in the presence of obesity remains unknown.and nbsp;Objective: We sought to evaluate the influence of exercise training on bone health indices in individuals with obesity.and nbsp;Methods: This systematic literature search was conducted using common electronic databases from inception - December 2019. The following key terms (and synonyms searched for by the MeSH database) were included and combined using the operators "AND, " "OR, " "NOT ": [( "body mass index " OR obesity OR obese OR overweight OR fat mass) AND ( "bone mineral density " OR "bone mineral content " OR "peak bone mass " OR "mechanical loading " OR "Osteoporosis " OR "bone geometry " OR "bone resistance ") AND ( "exercise training " OR "physical training " OR "strength training, " OR "resistance training " OR "aerobic training " OR "combined training ")].and nbsp;Results: After screening, 10 studies (889 initial records) were included in the final analysis (8 different countries, 263 participants). Two studies investigated males, six females, and two, both sexes. The training duration was at least eight weeks with 2-3 sessions/week. Physical training displayed a significant trivial impact on the whole body (WB) BMD (0.13 SMD; 95% CI [0.00, 0.26], p = 0.046). Subgroup analyses indicated a significant small increase in the WB BMD (0.27 SMD; 95% CI [0.00, 0.53], p = 0.048) in the endurance training group, a non-significant trivial increase in the WB BMD (0.11 SMD; 95% CI [-0.06, 0.29], p = 0.203) in the resistance group, and a non-significant trivial increase in the WB BMD (0.03 SMD; 95% CI [-0.26, 0.32], p = 0.86) in the combined training group. In addition, a significant small decrease was found in the weight of trained subjects (-0.24 SMD; 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05], p = 0.011).and nbsp;Conclusion: Physical training has little to no effect on the WB BMD in subjects with overweight/obesity. Currently, insufficient evidence to advocate for any specific type of exercise for enhancing bone health exists for overweight/obese individuals. Investigations examining the impact of varying types of physical exercise on WB BMD of obese individuals are needed

Profil anthropométrique et performances physiques de jeunes footballeurs élites : Etude longitudinale.

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Effects of a soccer season on anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness in elite young soccer players.

International audienceAbstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a soccer-training season on the anthropometric and performance characteristics of elite youth soccer players. Two groups (age: 14.4 years) participated in this study: (1) 24 soccer players training 8 to 10 hours per week and (2) 26 non-athletic boys used as controls. Anthropometric measurements, aerobic (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1) and anaerobic (counter-movement-jump (CMJ), squat-jump (SqJ), five-jump-test (5JT)and speed (T5m, 10 m, 30 m)) performances were assessed twice during 8 months (T0: October; T1: May) of the competitive season. Data showed significant differences in height and weight at T0 between the two groups (P < 0.05), while no difference in the percentage of body fat (%BF) was observed. However, the soccer players were significantly taller and had lower %BF than age-matched controls at T1. Compared to the controls, the soccer players attained better results in the physical fitness test (P < 0.05) at T0 and T1 except in (T5m) sprinting speed. Hence, significant improvements (P < 0.05) in physical parameters were observed between T0 and T1 only in soccer players. The results demonstrate that soccer-training season was able to provide maturation free improvement in anthropometric and performance characteristics in young soccer players during the training season

Réponse cardiaque et perception de l’effort lors de deux stratégies de relais en contre-la-montre cycliste par équipe

Introduction : Le but de cette étude était de comparer deux stratégies de relais en termes de performance, de réponses physiologiques et de perception de l’effort lors d’un contre-la-montre (CLM) cycliste par équipe. Synthèse des faits : Une meilleure performance est réalisée lors du CLM en ligne (CLM-L) que lors du CLM en double ligne (CLM-DL) (42,0 vs 40,5 km/h). La puissance moyenne (78,5 ± 2,2 vs 74,5 ± 2,5 % PMA) ainsi que la FC moyenne (88,5 ± 2,2 vs 86,0 ± 1,9 % FCmax) sont significativement plus élevées lors du CLM-L comparé au CLM-DL (p < 0,05). Le CLM-L est perçu significativement plus difficile que le CLM-DL (p < 0,05). Conclusion : En termes de performance, le CLM-L est plus efficace mais semble aussi plus éprouvant que le CLM-DL. Ainsi, ces deux modalités sont intéressantes en compétition mais nourrissent des ambitions différentes

The effect of time-of-day of training during Ramadan on physiological parameters in highly trained endurance athletes

International audienceWe investigated the effect of Ramadan fasting on maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), time to exhaustion (t(lim100)), performance in running 3000-m in runners who trained at 09:00, 14:00, and 22:00h. Twenty-four middle- and long-distance runners (28.5 +/- 10.6years) were assigned to 3 groups of 8 participants: an afternoon group (AG) (who trained between 14:00 and 16:00h), a morning group (MG) (who trained between 09:00 and 11:00h), and an evening group (EG) (who trained between 22:00 and 24:00h). Before, at mid-, and after Ramadan, MAV and maximal oxygen uptake were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the AG and MG groups compared to the EG group. Before and after Ramadan, the times recorded for the 3000-m running exercise were significantly higher (p<0.01) and t(lim100) was significantly lower (p<0.001) in the EG and MG groups compared to the AG groups. In conclusion, afternoon training during Ramadan might be more effective than morning or evening training for the enhancement of aerobic capacity

Effect of training at intensities around critical velocity on 400 meters front crawl performance in young swimmers

International audienceBACKGROUND: Young swimmers are rarely involved in training control, leading to inadequate volume and prescription of training intensities. This study aimed to examine the effect of prescribing and monitoring training intensities around critical velocity (CV) on 400 m frontcrawl performance during an 8-weeks period. METHODS: Twenty young male swimmers (13.4±1.0 years) were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group (EG) used training monitoring based on intensities around CV (95, 100, 105 and 110% of CV), while for the control group (CG) different heart-rate (HR) zones (EN1+, EN2, EN2+ and EN3) were used as an intensity criterion. The training volume was the same for both EG and CG. A maximal 400 m front-crawl test was performed before and after the 8-week period to determine CV intensities and to assess alternations in performance. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and HR values were also evaluated. RESULTS: Significant main effects of time were observed for T400, CV, HR and RPE. A significant group x time interaction was found for T400 (p=0.035, effect size=1.07, moderate). Results revealed significant pre-to-post improvements for both EG (from 328.46±26.25 to 305.88±20.09) and CG (from 329.07±25.24 to 314.75±19.87). A significant group x time interaction was also found for CV (p=0.005, effect size=1.51, large). Results revealed significant pre-to-post improvements for both EG (from 1.126±0.08 to 1.207±0.07) and CG (from 1.124±0.08 to 1.173±0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Both training methods induced significant improvements in 400 m front-crawl performance with a greater degree for the training prescription and monitoring using CV intensities

Influence du « Drafting » sur la performance et les réponses physiologiques lors d’une épreuve de 3000m sur piste chez des athlètes élites de demi-fond.

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Drafting improves 3000 m running performance in elite athletes : is it a placebo effect ?

International audienceAbstract PURPOSE: To determine the effect of drafting on running time, physiological responseand rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during 3000-m track running. METHODS: Ten elite middle- and long-distance runners performed 3 track-running sessions. The 1st session determined maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed using a lightweight ambulatory respiratory gas-exchange system (K4B2). The 2nd and the 3rd tests consisted of nondrafting 3000-m running (3000-mND) and 3000-m running with drafting for the 1st 2000 m (3000-mD) performed on the track in a randomized counterbalanced order. RESULTS: Performance during the 3000-mND (553.59 ± 22.15 s) was significantly slower (P < .05) than during the 3000-mD (544.74 ± 18.72 s). Cardiorespiratory responses were not significantly different between the trials. However, blood lactate concentration was significantly higher (P < .05) after the 3000-mND (16.4 ± 2.3 mmol/L) than after the 3000-mD (13.2 ± 5.6 mmol/L). Athletes perceived the 3000-mND as more strenuous than the 3000-mD (P < .05) (RPE = 16.1 ± 0.8 vs 13.1 ± 1.3). Results demonstrate that drafting has a significant effect on performance in highly trained runners. CONCLUSION: This effect could not be explained by a reduced energy expenditure or cardiorespiratory effort as a result of drafting. This raises the possibility that drafting may aid running performance by both physiological and nonphysiological (ie, psychological) effects

Effect of physical exercise and training on gastrointestinal hormones in populations with different weight statuses

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Independent and Combined Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation and Circuit Resistance Training on Selected Adipokines in Postmenopausal Women

We examined the effects of the independent and combined effects of Zataria Multiflora supplementation and circuit resistance training (CRT) on selected adipokines among postmenopausal women. Forty-eight postmenopausal women were divided into four groups: Exercise (EG, n = 12), Zataria Multiflora (ZMG, n = 12), exercise and Zataria Multiflora (ZMEG, n = 12), and control (CG, n = 12). Participants in experimental groups either performed CRT (3 sessions per week with intensity at 55 of one-repetition maximum) or supplemented with Zataria Multiflora (500 mg every day after breakfast with 100 ml of water), or their combination, for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at pre- and post-intervention for measuring selected adipokines, including visfatin, omentin-1, vaspin, FGF-21, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin. Our findings demonstrated that visfatin, vaspin, and leptin levels significantly decreased over the intervention period (all p < 0.05), with these values were lower in EG and ZMEG in comparison to CG at post-intervention (all p < 0.05). Visfatin and vaspin levels were also lower in ZMEG in comparison to EG at post-intervention (both p < 0.05). In contrast, omentin-1, ghrelin, adiponectin, and FGF21 significantly increased in EG and EMG (all p < 0.05) after CRT. These findings suggest that Zataria Multiflora supplementation by itself has little effect on measured adipokines; however, its combination with CRT produced noticeable effects on circulating levels of these adipokines, even more than CRT alone. Consequently, a combination of CRT and Zataria Multiflora supplementation may represent a potentially beneficial non-pharmacologic intervention on some selected adipokines in postmenopausal women