Reciclaje de residuos orgánicos

10 páginas, 4 tablas y 2 figuras.El presente estudio se centra en las principales estrategias de valorización, tanto agrícola como medioambiental, de los residuos orgánicos. Para ello inicialmente se revisa el estado actual de los sistemas y/o procesos de compostaje y vermicompostaje, procesos ecotecnológicos de bajo coste ampliamente utilizados para la biodegradación y estabilización de los residuos orgánicos. A continuación, se exponen algunos criterios de calidad y la normativa española que debe cumplir los productos finales obtenidos -composts y vermicomposts de residuos orgánicos- antes de su uso agrícola. Posteriormente, se resumen los principales efectos que sobre suelos y plantas ocasiona el uso de estos productos finales como bioenmiendas, abonos y biocorrectores orgánicos en la agricultura tradicional, bajo cubierta y ecológica. La ponencia finaliza con una breve reseña acerca de las posibilidades que presentan los composts y vermicomposts para ser utilizados como fungicidas naturales con capacidad para reducir hongos patógenos de cultivos o bien como biorrecuperadores de suelos contaminados por compuestos orgánicos o metales pesados. Ambas temáticas han sido escasamente estudiadas, lo cual abre un campo científico de indudable interés innovador.El presente estudio ha sido financiado por la CICYT a través del proyecto 1FD97-0795 y AGL2000-1424-CO2-10E. Romero y E. Benítez agradecen al Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología las financiaciones concedidas para la realización del presente estudio.Peer reviewe

Winegrowers’ decision-making: A pan-European perspective on pesticide use and inter-row management

European viticultural landscapes not only support a significant share of rural livelihoods and cultural traditions, but also conserve biodiversity and sustain various ecosystem services. Winegrowers' practices of inter-row management (including whether to have vegetation in the inter-rows, type of vegetation, duration of vegetation cover, and soil tillage) and pesticide use (including herbicides in the inter-rows, fungicides, insecticides, and pheromone dispensers as an alternative) can affect these services. This study aims to understand winegrowers' decision-making driven by their personal characteristics, attitudes and beliefs towards viticultural practices, physical properties of vineyards, and farm management characteristics in five European winegrowing regions. These include Palatinate in Germany, Leithaberg in Austria, Tarnave in Romania, Bordeaux in France, and Montilla-Moriles in Spain. Based on a questionnaire survey, we constructed decision trees for each behaviour per case study as well as in a generic European model. We found factors that best explain how winegrowers manage their inter-rows and use pesticides. Results showed that not only do behaviours of winegrowers vary drastically across the case studies, but also the factors that explain most behaviours: farmers' attitudes and beliefs and farm management characteristics. This implies the importance of attitudes and beliefs – which are under-researched as compared to other factors – in understanding farmers’ behaviour. With the driving factors found to vary per case study, our results also imply the need for locally-adapted policies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the effects of climate change on European viticultural landscapes concern not only shifting production regions and changes in yields, but also changing pressure of pests and diseases. Any long-term behavioural change requires efforts from many stakeholders.This research was funded by the research project SECBIVIT which was funded through the 2017–2018 Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA joint call for research proposals, under the BiodivScen ERA-Net COFUND programme, with the funding organisations: Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Ministerio de ciencia e innovación/Spain), Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (grant number I 4025-B32), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF/Germany) through VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH, DLR Projektträger, French National Research Agency (ANR), Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), National Science Foundation (Grant #1850943) and Romanian Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI). We would like to thank all winegrowers who participated in the focus groups, online questionnaires and personal interviews and the extension services who distributed our online questionnaire through their e-mail distribution list (DLR-Rheinpfalz)

Biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services and organic viticulture: A glass half-full

Organic farming is a promising but still debated option to ensure sustainable agriculture. However, whether organic farming fosters synergies or mitigates tradeoffs between biodiversity, ecosystem services and crop production has rarely been quantified. Here, we investigate relationships between multitrophic diversity (14 taxa above and belowground), yield, natural pest control and soil quality (14 proxies of ecosystem services) in organic and conventional vineyards along a landscape gradient. Organic farming enhanced biodiversity and pest control, but decreased wine production. Compared to conventional systems, multitrophic diversity was 15 % higher, and pest control services were 9 % higher in organic systems, while wine production was 11 % lower. Regardless of management type, we found a strong tradeoff between wine production and pest control, but not between wine production and biodiversity. The landscape context was not a strong moderator of organic farming effects across taxa groups and ecosystem services, but affected specific taxa and ecosystem services, especially natural pest control. Our study reveals that wine production and biodiversity conservation do not necessarily exclude each other, which implies the existence of a safe operating space where biodiversity and wine production can be combined. We conclude that organic farming can contribute to improve the sustainability of viticulture, but needs to be complemented by management options at the local and landscape scales in order to fully balance biodiversity conservation with the simultaneous provision of multiple ecosystem services.This research was funded by the research project SECBIVIT, which was funded through the 2017–2018 Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA joint call for research proposals, under the BiodivScen ERA-Net COFUND program, with the funding organizations: Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Spain, grant PCI2018-092938; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033); Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (grant number I 4025-B32); Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF/Germany) (grant number 031A349I); French National Research Agency (ANR); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO); National Science Foundation (grant #1850943); and Romanian Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development, and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI). The authors also acknowledge the support of the ECOPHYTO 2+ Plan under the grant X4IN33VI (OPERA project) as well as the support the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the grant 20-PCPA-0010 (PPR Vitae, Cultivating the grapevine without pesticides: towards agroecological wine-producing socio-ecosystems). We thank Evelyne Thys and Hugo Hernandez for their help in field sampling, Lionel Delbac for the Lobesia botrana rearing, Alexis Saintilan for identifying pollinators, and Edith Gruber for identifying earthworms

Mycorrhiza induced resistance against pests: from the lab to the field

1 página - Conferencia invitada presentada en Iberian Plant Biology 2023. XVIII Portuguese-Spanish Congress on Plant Biology and the XXV Meeting of the Spanish Society of Plant Biology. 9-12 Julio 2023, Braga, PortugalArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can prime plant defences increasing their resistance against pathogens and insect herbivores. Using tomato as a model, we have shown that inoculation with different AMF reduces the performance of the chewing herbivore Spodoptera exigua and the leaf miner Tuta absoluta. Transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses revealed that this Mycorrhiza Induced Resistance (MIR) is associated to boosted activation of plant direct and indirect defences in response to the attackers. We found primed accumulation in attacked leaves of antiherbivore metabolites, including alkaloids and polyamine conjugates, and functional analyses demonstrated that some of the identified compounds significantly inhibit herbivore development. In addition, the symbiosis altered the volatile blends released by the plant, and enhanced the attraction of natural enemies of the pests (Nesidiocoris tenuis, commonly used in biocontrol programs). Finally, networks analyses allowed the identification of key regulators of the primed response within the jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling pathways. Despite the many studies showing induced resistance by microorganisms in different plant‐pest systems, the variability in the protection achieved under agronomic settings is hindering the application of this strategy in agriculture. Plant‐microbe‐herbivore interactions are highly context dependent, with multiple biotic and abiotic factors influencing the final output. Identifying such factors is essential to optimize the application of microbial inoculants for crop protection in agriculture. We found that the plant genotype and nutrient availability are important drivers of the context dependency of MIR in tomato. Despite of the variability, comparisons across different experimental scales, from controlled lab set‐ups to commercial production conditions, confirmed that MIR can be achieved under crop production conditions and is compatible with other biocontrol methods. Accordingly, MIR can be a relevant addition to current Integrated Pest Management Programs

Premio a la Investigación e Innovación Educativa: Experiencias 2021

232 pàginasEstas experiencias pedagógicas de investigación e innovación son la muestra de las resistencias que surgen desde la escuela para enfrentar un mundo convulsionado por la violencia, la crisis existencial, el cambio climático y la incertidumbre, pues son los maestros y maestras quienes al reflexionar sobre su práctica logran llevar al máximo todo su poder transformador y mantener viva la esperanza en la siguiente generación. Por ello, la Secretaría de Educación del Distrito (SED) y el Instituto para la Investigación Educativa y el Desarrollo Pedagógico (IDEP), se enorgullecen en ofrecer a Bogotá y al país esta obra que contiene las propuestas ganadoras del XV Premio a la Investigación e Innovación.Serie Premio n.º 5, de 202

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Anales del III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad "Debate en torno a la nueva agenda urbana"

Acta de congresoEl III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad “Debates en torno a la NUEVa Agenda Urbana”, ha sido una apuesta de alto compromiso por acercar los debates centrales y urgentes que tensionan el pleno ejercicio del derecho a la ciudad. Para ello las instituciones organizadoras (INVIHAB –Instituto de Investigación de Vivienda y Hábitat y MGyDH-Maestría en Gestión y Desarrollo Habitacional-1), hemos convidado un espacio que se concretó con potencia en un debate transdisciplinario. Convocó a intelectuales de prestigio internacional, investigadores, académicos y gestores estatales, y en una metodología de innovación articuló las voces académicas con las de las organizaciones sociales y/o barriales en el Foro de las Organizaciones Sociales que tuvo su espacio propio para dar voz a quienes están trabajando en los desafíos para garantizar los derechos a la vivienda y los bienes urbanos en nuestras ciudades del Siglo XXI

Capacidad fertilizante y contaminante de lodos de depuradoras generados en la provincia de Granada

Tesis Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícol

Humification index and phytotoxicity test in organic wastes potentially agricultural

La materia orgánica no humificada en residuos orgánicos potencialmente agrícolas, puede producir fitotoxicidad en las plantas. A fin de estimar el nivel de estabilidad de la materia orgánica se determinaron índice, grado y tasa de humificación en lodo residual producto del tratamiento de aguas servidas, estiércol de chivo y residuo del procesamiento industrial de sábila (Aloe vera). El método se basó en la extracción y fraccionamiento de sustancias húmicas empleando una columna de polivinilpirrolidona insoluble. El lodo y el estiércol resultaron ser materiales más humificados, con índices de humificación de 0,32 y 0,36 (< 1), respectivamente; concluyéndose que ambos residuos orgánicos son adecuados para uso agrícola, debido a su materia orgánica más estabilizada y al mayor contenido de nutrientes, en relación al residuo vegetal. La prueba de germinación para evaluar la fitotoxicidad por sustancias orgánicas, incubando semillas de Lepidium sativum en el extracto acuoso, resultó en un índice de germinación de 67% para el residuo de sábila; indicando que éste constituye un medio más favorable para la germinación, en relación al estiércol y al lodo (57,9 y 53,2%). La prueba de fitotoxicidad no guardó relación con la estabilidad de la materia orgánica, indicada por el índice de humificaciónThe matter organic non humified in organic waste potentially agricultural, it can produce phytotoxicity in the plants. In order to estimate the level of stability of the organic matter were determined degree, rate and humification index in sludge coming of domestic water treatment, goat manure and residual of the industrial prosecution of sabila (Aloe vera). The method consist in extraction and fractionation of humic substances using a column of insoluble polyvinylpirrolidone. The waste sludge and goat manure showed to be the materials more humified, with an humification index of 0,32 and 0,36 (< 1), respectively. It was concluded that both organic wastes are appropriate for agricultural use, due to their organic matter more stabilized and to the biggest content of nutrients in relation to the vegetable residual. The germination test, incubating seeds of Lepidium sativum in the extract, to evaluate phytotoxicity due to organic substances resulted in a germination index 67% for the sabila residual, indicating that this provides a favorable mean for the germination, in relation with sludge and manure with index of 53,2 and 57,9%, respectively. The phytotoxicity test didn't have relationship with the stability of the organic matter, indicated by the humification index.Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento al Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) y al Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (FONACIT).Peer reviewe