35 research outputs found

    LUMINESCENCE DATING OF AN ANCIENT WALLED SETTLEMENT IN ORKHON VALLEY, MONGOLIA

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    We investigated the potential of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method to date young (<1000 years) samples collected in the Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape, Mongolia. Quartz showed an infrared signal; therefore the post-IR OSL method was applied to small aliquots which are considered proxies for single grain measurements. Statistical analysis of the dose distribution produced CAM De of 5.14±0.10 Gy and over dispersion of 47.5%, and MAM De of 3.7±0.6 Gy. Since no partial bleaching was suspected, the analysis of signal composition was done and the fast quartz post-IR OSL lead to De of 4.9±0.2 Gy. Based on the quartz fast component and CAM De we propose the new chronology of ancient construction at 785±80 AD, rather than 906-1125 AD as suggested by archaeological evidence. However, the MAM age is in good agreement with independent age control for construction of the ramparts suggesting the date of reconstruction, collapse or reuse for the square walled enclosure MOR3 during 1090±80AD

    A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe

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    The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe

    Hantaviren und Nagetiere in Deutschland: Das Netzwerk „Nagetier-ĂŒbertragene Pathogene”

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    ZusammenfassungHantavirus-Infektionen sind in Deutschland seit etwa 25 Jahren bekannt. Die durchschnittliche AntikörperprĂ€valenz in der Bevölkerung liegt bei ca. 1 bis 2%. Nach EinfĂŒhrung der Meldepflicht im Jahr 2001 sind jĂ€hrlich durchschnittlich etwa 70 bis 240 FĂ€lle gemeldet worden. Im Jahr 2005 und insbesondere im Jahr 2007 ist jedoch ein deutlicher Anstieg der Zahl der gemeldeten FĂ€lle registriert worden. Die am meisten betroffenen Regionen lagen in den BundeslĂ€ndern Baden-WĂŒrttemberg, Bayern, Nordrhein-Westfalen und Niedersachsen. Im Gegensatz zur gut dokumentierten Situation beim Menschen ist die Kenntnis der geografischen Verbreitung und HĂ€ufigkeit von Hantavirus-Infektionen in den Nagetier-Reservoiren und deren Schwankungen sehr begrenzt. Aus diesem Grund wurde in Deutschland das Netzwerk „Nagetier-ĂŒbertragene Pathogene“ etabliert, das interdisziplinĂ€re Untersuchungen zur Nagetier-Populationsdynamik, PrĂ€valenz und Evolution von Hantaviren und anderen Nagetier-assoziierten Zoonoseerregern und den zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die HĂ€ufigkeit humaner Infektionen erlaubt. Ein Monitoring von Hantaviren in Nagetieren wurde in Endemiegebieten (Baden-WĂŒrttemberg, Bayern, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Niedersachsen) und Regionen mit einer geringen Zahl humaner FĂ€lle (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, ThĂŒringen, Schleswig-Holstein, Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz) initiiert. Insgesamt wurde eine breite geographische Verbreitung des Puumalavirus (PUUV) in RötelmĂ€usen und des Tulavirus in Microtus-MĂ€usen dokumentiert. Dobrava-Belgrad-Virus-positive Apodemus-MĂ€use wurden bisher ausschließlich in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Niedersachsen gefunden. In den Hantavirus-Ausbruchsgebieten in Baden-WĂŒrttemberg, Bayern, Nordrhein-Westfalen und Niedersachsen wurde bei RötelmĂ€usen eine hohe PUUV-PrĂ€valenz beobachtet. Initiale Longitudinalstudien in Nordrhein-Westfalen (Stadt Köln), Bayern (Niederbayern) und Niedersachsen (lĂ€ndliche Region bei OsnabrĂŒck) zeigten ein stabiles Vorkommen des PUUV in den Rötelmaus-Populationen. Neben den Untersuchungen zu Hantaviren ist auch mit Studien zum Vorkommen von anderen Nagetier-assoziierten Zoonoseerregern begonnen worden. Die begonnenen Longitudinalstudien werden Schlussfolgerungen zur Evolution von Hantaviren und anderen Nagetierassoziierten Erregern und zu VerĂ€nderungen in deren HĂ€ufigkeit und Verbreitung ermöglichen. Diese Untersuchungen werden zukĂŒnftig eine verbesserte RisikoabschĂ€tzung fĂŒr die GefĂ€hrdung der Bevölkerung ermöglichen, die auch die möglichen zukĂŒnftigen Klimawandel-bedingten VerĂ€nderungen in der Epidemiologie Nagetier-assoziierter Zoonoseerreger berĂŒcksichtigt

    Masseter muscle atrophy impairs bone quality of the mandibular condyle but not the alveolar process early after induction

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    Background: Masseter muscle function influences mandibular bone homeostasis. As previously reported, bone resorption markers increased in the mouse mandibular condyle two days after masseter paralysis induced with botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA), followed by local bone loss. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the bone quality of both the mandibular condyle and alveolar process in the mandible of adult mice during the early stage of a BoNTA-induced masseter muscle atrophy, using a combined 3D histomorphometrics and shape analysis approach. Methods: Adult BALB/c mice were divided into an untreated control group and an experimental group; the latter received one single BoNTA injection in the right masseter (BoNTA-right) and saline in the left masseter (Saline-left). 3D bone microstructural changes in the mandibular condyle and alveolar process were determined with high-resolution microtomography. Additionally, landmark-based geometric morphometrics was implemented to assess external shape changes. Results: After 2 weeks, masseter mass was significantly reduced (P-value 0.05). Conclusion: Condyle bone quality deteriorates at an early stage of BoNTA-induced masseter muscle atrophy, and before the alveolar process is affected. Since the observed bone microstructural changes resemble those in human temporomandibular joint degenerative disorders, the clinical safety of BoNTA intervention in the masticatory apparatus remains to be clarified

    Movement analysis of primate molar teeth under load using synchrotron X-ray microtomography

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    Mammalian teeth have to sustain repetitive and high chewing loads without failure. Key to this capability is the periodontal ligament (PDL), a connective tissue containing a collagenous fibre network which connects the tooth roots to the alveolar bone socket and which allows the teeth to move when loaded. It has been suggested that rodent molars under load experience a screw-like downward motion but it remains unclear whether this movement also occurs in primates. Here we use synchroton micro-computed tomography paired with an axial loading setup to investigate the form-function relationship between tooth movement and the morphology of the PDL space in a non-human primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). The loading behavior of both mandibular and maxillary molars showed a three-dimensional movement with translational and rotational components, which pushes the tooth into the alveolar socket. Moreover, we found a non-uniform PDL thickness distribution and a gradual increase in volumetric proportion of the periodontal vasculature from cervical to apical. Our results suggest that the PDL morphology may optimize the three-dimensional tooth movement to avoid high stresses under loading
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