Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints

The available methods for plant transformation and expansion beyond its limits remain especially critical for crop improvement. For grass species, this is even more critical, mainly due to drawbacks in in vitro regeneration. Despite the existence of many protocols in grasses to achieve genetic transformation through Agrobacterium or biolistic gene delivery, their efficiencies are genotype-dependent and still very low due to the recalcitrance of these species to in vitro regeneration. Many plant transformation facilities for cereals and other important crops may be found around the world in universities and enterprises, but this is not the case for apomictic species, many of which are C4 grasses. Moreover, apomixis (asexual reproduction by seeds) represents an additional constraint for breeding. However, the transformation of an apomictic clone is an attractive strategy, as the transgene is immediately fixed in a highly adapted genetic background, capable of large-scale clonal propagation. With the exception of some species like Brachiaria brizantha which is planted in approximately 100 M ha in Brazil, apomixis is almost non-present in economically important crops. However, as it is sometimes present in their wild relatives, the main goal is to transfer this trait to crops to fix heterosis. Until now this has been a difficult task, mainly because many aspects of apomixis are unknown. Over the last few years, many candidate genes have been identified and attempts have been made to characterize them functionally in Arabidopsis and rice. However, functional analysis in true apomictic species lags far behind, mainly due to the complexity of its genomes, of the trait itself, and the lack of efficient genetic transformation protocols. In this study, we review the current status of the in vitro culture and genetic transformation methods focusing on apomictic grasses, and the prospects for the application of new tools assayed in other related species, with two aims: to pave the way for discovering the molecular pathways involved in apomixis and to develop new capacities for breeding purposes because many of these grasses are important forage or biofuel resources.Fil: Bellido, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Souza Canadá, Eduado D.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Agrobiotec; ArgentinaFil: Permingeat, Hugo Raúl. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Agrobiotec; ArgentinaFil: Echenique, Carmen Viviana. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentin

Primordial magnetic fields from preheating at the electroweak scale

We analyze the generation of helical magnetic fields during preheating in a model of low-scale electroweak (EW) hybrid inflation. We show how the inhomogeneities in the Higgs field, resulting from tachyonic preheating after inflation, seed the magnetic fields in a way analogous to that predicted by Vachaspati and Cornwall in the context of the EW symmetry breaking. At this stage, the helical nature of the generated magnetic fields is linked to the non-trivial winding of the Higgs-field. We analyze non-perturbatively the evolution of these helical seeds through the highly non-linear stages of symmetry breaking (SB) and beyond. Electroweak SB occurs via the nucleation and growth of Higgs bubbles which squeeze the magnetic fields into string-like structures. The W-boson charge density clusters in lumps around the magnetic strings. After symmetry breaking, a detailed analysis of the magnetic field Fourier spectrum shows two well differentiated components: a UV radiation tail at a temperature T ~ 0.23 m_higgs slowly growing with time, and an IR peak associated to the helical magnetic fields, which seems to follow inverse cascade. The system enters a regime in which we observe that both the amplitude (\rho_B/\rho_{EW} ~ 0.01) and the correlation length of the magnetic field grow linearly with time. During this stage of evolution we also observe a power-law growth in the helical susceptibility. These properties support the possibility that our scenario could provide the seeds eventually evolving into the microgauss fields observed today in galaxies and clusters of galaxies.Comment: 55 pages, late

DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACION DE UN MODULO MPS MEDIANTE UNA MESA GIRATORIA DE INDEXACION CON SUPERVISION SCADA UTILIZANDO COMPONENTES DE NEUMÁTICA AVANZADA

AUTOMATIZACIÓN SISTEMA AUTOMATIZADO SISTEMAS INTEGRADOS DE PRODUCCIÓN SISTEMAS DE CONTROL INDUSTRIAL LA PIRÁMIDE DE LA AUTOMATIZACIÓN SISTEMAS MECATRÓNICOS COMUNICACIONES DIGITALES PROTOCOLO DE COMUNICACIÓN BASADO EN TCP/IP PROFINET INTERFAZ HOMBRE MAQUINA HMI CONTROLADOR LÓGICO PROGRAMABLE PLC SIEMENS S7-1200 SOFTWARE TIAPORTAL PANEL TÁCTIL SIEMENS KTP 400 SISTEMA DE PRODUCCIÓN MODULAR (MPS) DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL MÓDULO DESCRIPCIÓN DEL SISTEMA MECÁNICO POR SUBSISTEMAS SISTEMA ELÉCTRICO – ELECTRÓNICO DESARROLLO DEL PROGRAMA EN EL PLC Y DISEÑO DEL HMI ANALISIS DE COSTOS CONCLUSIONE

Characterization and discovery of miRNA and miRNA targets from apomictic and sexual genotypes of Eragrostis curvula

Weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula [Shrad.] Nees) is a perennial grass found in semi-arid regions that is well adapted for growth in sandy soils and drought conditions. E. curvula constitutes a polymorphic complex that includes cytotypes with different ploidy levels (from 2x to 8x), where most polyploids are facultative apomicts, although both sexual reproduction and full apomixis have been reported in this species. Apomixis is thought to be associated with silencing of the sexual pathway, which would involve epigenetic mechanisms. However, a correlation between small RNAs and apomixis has not yet been conclusively established. Aiming to contribute to the elucidation of their role in the expression of apomixis, we constructed small RNA libraries from sexual and apomictic E.curvula genotypes via Illumina technology, characterized the small RNA populations, and conducted differential expression analysis by comparing these small RNAs with the E. curvula reference transcriptome. We found that the expression of two genes is repressed in the sexual genotype, which is associated with specific microRNA expression. Our results support the hypothesis that in E. curvula the expression of apomixis leads to sexual repression.Fil: Garbus, Ingrid. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Selva, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Pasten, Maria Cielo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Bellido, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Carballo, José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Albertini, Emidio. Università di Perugia; ItaliaFil: Echenique, Carmen Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentin

Brucella spp. Lumazine synthase as a novel immunomodulator to produce egg yolk antibodies

Lumazine synthase from Brucella spp. (BLS) is a highly immunogenic decameric protein. It has been previously described as a carrier of peptides or proteins to increase their immunogenicity in different animal species, but its activity has never been evaluated in chickens. In this work, the use of BLS to improve the antibody response against bovine rotavirus (BRV) VP8d protein in laying hens was assessed. VP8d is the inner domain of the VP8 spike protein which preserves the sialic acid binding activity and the neutralizing epitopes present in the viral protein. Hens were immunized three times with 2 μg of VP8d alone or fused to BLS. Hens inoculated with BLSVP8d developed higher antibody titers (evaluated by ELISA and viral neutralization test) than hens immunized either with VP8d alone or the mixture of VP8d and BLS. Furthermore, IgY antibodies against BLSVP8d were able to fully protect mice against challenge with virulent BRV in a dose-depent-manner. Overall, these results demonstrate that BLS is a potent immonumodulator that enhances the antibody response in hens, thus increasing the concentration of specific IgY in the egg yolk, one of the main issues to be adressed in order to improve the use of the IgY technology.Instituto de VirologíaFil: Bellido, Demian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Chacana, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Mozgovoj, Marina Valeria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Goldbaum, Fernando Alberto. Fundación Instituto Leloir; ArgentinaFil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Dus Santos, Maria Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentin

A novel MHC-II targeted BVDV subunit vaccine induces a neutralizing immunological response in guinea pigs and cattle

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a major cause of economic loss in the cattle industry, worldwide. Infection results in reduced productive performance, growth retardation, reduced milk production and increased susceptibility to other diseases leading to early culling of animals. There are two primary methods used to control the spread of BVDV: the elimination of persistently infected (PI) animals and vaccination. Currently, modified live or inactivated vaccines are used in BVDV vaccination programmes, but there are safety risks or insufficient protection, respectively, with these vaccines. Here, we report the development and efficacy of the first targeted subunit vaccine against BVDV. The core of the vaccine is the fusion of the BVDV structural protein, E2, to a single-chain antibody, APCH, together termed, APCH-E2. The APCH antibody targets the E2 antigen to the major histocompatibility type II molecule (MHC-II) present on antigen-presenting cells. Industrial production of the vaccine is carried out using the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) using single-use manufacturing technologies. This new subunit vaccine induces strong BVDV-specific neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs and cattle. Importantly, in cattle with low levels of natural BVDV-specific neutralizing antibodies, the vaccine induced strong neutralizing antibody levels to above the protective threshold, as determined by a competition ELISA. The APCH-E2 vaccine induced a rapid and sustained neutralizing antibody response compared with a conventional vaccine in cattle.Instituto de VirologiaFil: Bellido, Demian. Vetanco SA; ArgentinaFil: Bellido, Demian. Bioinnovo SA; ArgentinaFil: Baztarrica, Josefina. Vetanco SA; ArgentinaFil: Baztarrica, Josefina. Bioinnovo SA; ArgentinaFil: Rocha, Lucía Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Incuinta e Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Rocha, Lucía Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pecora, Andrea. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Incuinta e Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Pecora, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Acosta, Mario. Vetanco SA; ArgentinaFil: Escribano, José M. Algenex; EspañaFil: Parreño, Viviana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Incuinta e Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Parreño, Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Parreño, Viviana. Bioinnovo S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Incuinta e Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Bioinnovo S.A.; Argentin

"Information Security in the Banking Sector: A Systematic Literature Review on Current Trends, Issues, and Challenges"

In recent years, information security has become a very important aspect, since it creates serious trouble for organizations that do not take it into consideration. In this regard, it was detected that many entities in the banking sector experience multiple problems that are mainly related to the way in which they protect their data, so it is necessary to pay close attention to this issue. For this reason, in this investigation it was decided to carry out a systematic review of the literature, obtaining 2,787 articles through searches in electronic databases. Likewise, the PRISMA method was used, which allowed the identification of 15 relevant articles to form the synthesis of the investigation. In the same way, a bibliometric analysis was carried out, which allowed knowing the gaps in knowledge. Finally, in the conclusions emphasis is placed on several aspects; for example, it is highlighted that cybercriminals constantly attack the banking sector and it is mentioned that all the research questions posed were successfully answered

Sizable CP Violation in the Bosonized Standard Model

Using the worldline method, we derive an effective action of the bosonic sector of the Standard Model by integrating out the fermionic degrees of freedom. The CP violation stemming from the complex phase in the CKM matrix gives rise to CP-violating operators in the one-loop effective action in the next-to-leading order of a gradient expansion. We calculate the prefactor of the appropriate operators and give general estimates of CP violation in the bosonic sector of the Standard Model. In particular, we show that the effective CP violation for weak gauge fields is not suppressed by the Yukawa couplings of the light quarks and is much larger than the bound given by the Jarlskog determinant.Comment: 15 pages, minor changes, published versio

From tetraploid to diploid, a pangenomic approach to identify genes lost during synthetic diploidization of Eragrostis curvula

Introduction: In Eragrostis curvula, commonly known as weeping lovegrass, a synthetic diploidization event of the facultative apomictic tetraploid Tanganyika INTA cv. originated from the sexual diploid Victoria cv. Apomixis is an asexual reproduction by seeds in which the progeny is genetically identical to the maternal plant. Methods: To assess the genomic changes related to ploidy and to the reproductive mode occurring during diploidization, a mapping approach was followed to obtain the first E. curvula pangenome assembly. In this way, gDNA of Tanganyika INTA was extracted and sequenced in 2x250 Illumina pair-end reads and mapped against the Victoria genome assembly. The unmapped reads were used for variant calling, while the mapped reads were assembled using Masurca software. Results: The length of the assembly was 28,982,419 bp distributed in 18,032 contigs, and the variable genes annotated in these contigs rendered 3,952 gene models. Functional annotation of the genes showed that the reproductive pathway was differentially enriched. PCR amplification in gDNA and cDNA of Tanganyika INTA and Victoria was conducted to validate the presence/absence variation in five genes related to reproduction and ploidy. The polyploid nature of the Tanganyika INTA genome was also evaluated through the variant calling analysis showing the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) coverage and allele frequency distribution with a segmental allotetraploid pairing behavior. Discussion: The results presented here suggest that the genes were lost in Tanganyika INTA during the diploidization process that was conducted to suppress the apomictic pathway, affecting severely the fertility of Victoria cv.Fil: Carballo, José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Bellido, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Selva, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Zappacosta, Diego Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Gallo, Cristian Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Albertini, Emidio. Università di Perugia; ItaliaFil: Cáccamo, Mario José. National Institute Of Agricultural Botany.; Reino UnidoFil: Echenique, Carmen Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentin