New Trends in Beverage Packaging Systems: A Review

New trends in beverage packaging are focusing on the structure modification of packaging materials and the development of new active and/or intelligent systems, which can interact with the product or its environment, improving the conservation of beverages, such as wine, juice or beer, customer acceptability, and food security. In this paper, the main nutritional and organoleptic degradation processes of beverages, such as oxidative degradation or changes in the aromatic profiles, which influence their color and volatile composition are summarized. Finally, the description of the current situation of beverage packaging materials and new possible, emerging strategies to overcome some of the pending issues are discussed

Gene Duplication in the Sugarcane Genome: A Case Study of Allele Interactions and Evolutionary Patterns in Two Genic Regions

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is highly polyploid and aneuploid. Modern cultivars are derived from hybridization between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. This combination results in a genome exhibiting variable ploidy among different loci, a huge genome size (~10 Gb) and a high content of repetitive regions. An approach using genomic, transcriptomic, and genetic mapping can improve our knowledge of the behavior of genetics in sugarcane. The hypothetical HP600 and Centromere Protein C (CENP-C) genes from sugarcane were used to elucidate the allelic expression and genomic and genetic behaviors of this complex polyploid. The physically linked side-by-side genes HP600 and CENP-C were found in two different homeologous chromosome groups with ploidies of eight and ten. The first region (Region01) was a Sorghum bicolor ortholog region with all haplotypes of HP600 and CENP-C expressed, but HP600 exhibited an unbalanced haplotype expression. The second region (Region02) was a scrambled sugarcane sequence formed from different noncollinear genes containing partial duplications of HP600 and CENP-C (paralogs). This duplication resulted in a non-expressed HP600 pseudogene and a recombined fusion version of CENP-C and the orthologous gene Sobic.003G299500 with at least two chimeric gene haplotypes expressed. It was also determined that it occurred before Saccharum genus formation and after the separation of sorghum and sugarcane. A linkage map was constructed using markers from nonduplicated Region01 and for the duplication (Region01 and Region02). We compare the physical and linkage maps, demonstrating the possibility of mapping markers located in duplicated regions with markers in nonduplicated region. Our results contribute directly to the improvement of linkage mapping in complex polyploids and improve the integration of physical and genetic data for sugarcane breeding programs. Thus, we describe the complexity involved in sugarcane genetics and genomics and allelic dynamics, which can be useful for understanding complex polyploid genomes

Impact of early enteral versus parenteral nutrition on mortality in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and catecholamines: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (NUTRIREA-2)

BACKGROUND: Nutritional support is crucial to the management of patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and the most commonly prescribed treatment in intensive care units (ICUs). International guidelines consistently indicate that enteral nutrition (EN) should be preferred over parenteral nutrition (PN) whenever possible and started as early as possible. However, no adequately designed study has evaluated whether a specific nutritional modality is associated with decreased mortality. The primary goal of this trial is to assess the hypothesis that early first-line EN, as compared to early first-line PN, decreases day 28 all-cause mortality in patients receiving IMV and vasoactive drugs for shock. METHODS/DESIGN: The NUTRIREA-2 study is a multicenter, open-label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial comparing early PN versus early EN in critically ill patients requiring IMV for an expected duration of at least 48 hours, combined with vasoactive drugs, for shock. Patients will be allocated at random to first-line PN for at least 72 hours or to first-line EN. In both groups, nutritional support will be started within 24 hours after IMV initiation. Calorie targets will be 20 to 25 kcal/kg/day during the first week, then 25 to 30 kcal/kg/day thereafter. Patients receiving PN may be switched to EN after at least 72 hours in the event of shock resolution (no vasoactive drugs for 24 consecutive hours and arterial lactic acid level below 2 mmol/L). On day 7, all patients receiving PN and having no contraindications to EN will be switched to EN. In both groups, supplemental PN may be added to EN after day 7 in patients with persistent intolerance to EN and inadequate calorie intake. We plan to recruit 2,854 patients at 44 participating ICUs. DISCUSSION: The NUTRIREA-2 study is the first large randomized controlled trial designed to assess the hypothesis that early EN improves survival compared to early PN in ICU patients. Enrollment started on 22 March 2013 and is expected to end in November 2015. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01802099 (registered 27 February 2013)

Suivi pharmacologique de l'amoxicilline et de la cloxacilline (étude rétrospective des résultats de 3 ans de suivi dans le service de Maladies Infectieuses du CHU de Rennes)

RENNES1-BU Santé (352382103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Intérêt des indices dynamiques au cours de la réanimation de l'état de choc hémorragique (étude expérimentale animale)

LIMOGES-BU Médecine pharmacie (870852108) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

I-PT: An Index to Rank Molecular Photothermal Agents

International audienceRecently, a large variety of photothermal agents have been developed and are currently under study, owing to their wide range of applications. Nonetheless, a comparison of their relative performances remains a challenge, and it appears that no tool is yet available for rationalizing the data reported in the literature. Indeed, we demonstrate in this paper that neither the temperature increase (Delta T) nor the photothermal efficiency (eta) are sufficient to account for the performance of a photothermal agent. From this observation, we propose that a new index, I-PTmax, could be used, in order to properly rank molecular photothermal agents according to their efficacy for converting light into heat, in a similar fashion that brilliance is used to compare luminescence properties

Investigation of the photothermal properties of a large series of Metal-Bis(Dithiolene) complexes: Impact of the molecular structure and ranking using the photothermal index IPT

International audienceThe photothermal properties in the NIR region of a large series of 19 metal-bis(dithiolene) complexes and of a perylene derivative have been studied in detail. Photophysical and thermal measurements were repeated several times to obtain good uncertainties on molar extinction coefficients, temperature increases and photothermal efficiencies. This large series of metal-bis(dithiolene) complexes enabled us to assess the impact of the nature of the metal center, the nature of the ligand and the number and length of the carbon chains on absorption properties and photothermal efficiencies. Thanks to these reliable data, the recently introduced photothermal index IPT, which combines molar absorptivity ε and photothermal efficiency η, has also been effectively used to rank all these molecular photothermal agents according to their photothermal activity. This work confirms that the photothermal index IPT can be used effectively to rank photothermal agents according to their ability to convert light into heat

Hydrogen bonding interactions in single component molecular conductors based on metal (Ni, Au) bis(dithiolene) complexes

International audienceIntroduction of hydrogen bonding (HB) interactions in single component conductors derived from nickel and gold bis(dithiolene) complexes is explored with the 2-alkylthio-1,3-thiazole-4,5-dithiolate (RS-tzdt) with R = CH2CH2OH through the preparation of the neutral [Ni(HOEtS-tzdt)2]0 (closed-shell) and [Au(HOEtS-tzdt)2]˙ (radical) complexes. At variance with many other radical gold dithiolene complexes which have a strong tendency to dimerize in the solid state, [Au(HOEtS-tzdt)2]˙ crystallizes into uniform stacks interconnected by strong O-HN HB involving the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring. [Au(HOEtS-tzdt)2]˙ is isostructural with its neutral, closed-shell nickel analog [Ni(HOEtS-tzdt)2]0, a rare situation in this metal bis(dithiolene) chemistry. It demonstrates how the strength of the HB directing motif can control the overall structural arrangement to stabilize the same structure despite a different electron count. The nickel complex behaves as a band semiconductor with weak room temperature conductivity (1.6 × 10-5 S cm-1), while the gold complex is described as a Mott insulator with a three orders of magnitude improved conductivity (6 × 10-2 S cm-1)

Tetrathiafulvalene-based group XV ligands: Synthesis, coordination chemistry and radical cation salts

International audienc