9 research outputs found

    Determination of the 209Bi(n,gamma) Capture Cross Section at a Cold Neutron Beam

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    The total capture cross section of 209Bi was determined at the cold neutron beam PGAA-NIPS facilities at the Budapest Neutron Centre. The measurements were performed using a coaxial HPGe detector with Compton suppression. The total and partial gamma ray production cross sections were deduced relative to the 14N(n,gamma) partial gamma ray production cross section. By using a bismuth nitrate stoichiometric compound as the sample, we excluded various systematic uncertainties. The total capture cross section is in very good agreement with the compilation of Mughaghab, but is slightly lower than the most recent value determined at the high flux reactor of the ILL in Grenoble, France. We also performed measurements using a 0.5 mm thin Bi metal disc. The relative intensitites determined from the Bi disc and the compound samples are in good agreement.JRC.D.5-Neutron physic

    The 209Bi(nth, )210Bi and 209Bi(nth, )210m,gBi Cross Sections Determined at the Budapest Neutron Centre

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    The neutron total capture cross section of 209Bi together with the cross sections to the ground state and the isomeric state were determined at the cold neutron beam PGAA-NIPS facilities at the Budapest Neutron Centre. For the measurements we used a coaxial HPGe detector with Compton suppression. The partial gamma-ray production cross sections were deduced relative to the partial capture cross section for the 4055 keV transition following 209Bi(n, gamma). This partial cross section was measured with a bismuth nitrate sample with respect to nitrogen as a comparator. The total capture cross section resulting from the primary transitions is lower than the one deduced from the transitions feeding the isomeric and the ground state. Since the multipolarity of the main transition feeding the ground state is not known, the uncertainty on the capture cross section to the ground state is rather large. We also compare the total capture thermal cross section with the value deduced from resonance parameters and discuss the impact of the branching ratio on the analysis of prompt capture cross section measurements using the total energy detection principle.JRC.D.5-Neutron physic

    In Situ Determination of Hydrogen Inside a Catalytic Reactor Using Prompt Ξ³ [Gamma] Activation Analysis

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    Prompt Ξ³ activation analysis (PGAA) has been further developed to analyze reacting components inside a chemical reactor. The new method, in situ PGAA, was used to determine the hydrogen-to-palladium molar ratio under various conditions of palladium-catalyzed alkyne hydrogenation. The H/Pd molar ratio was successfully measured in the range of 0.1βˆ’1.0 in an ~2g catalytic reactor containing a few milligrams of palladium catalyst. The amount of hydrogen was only a few tens of micrograms, and the detection limit was ~5 ΞΌg, i.e., at ppm level compared to the whole reactor. The description of the device, methodological developments, a feasibility study, and results of a series of catalytic measurements are presented

    Analysis of the Younger Dryas Impact Layer

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    We have uncovered a thin layer of magnetic grains and microspherules, carbon spherules, and glass-like carbon at nine sites across North America, a site in Belgium, and throughout the rims of 16 Carolina Bays. It is consistent with the ejecta layer from an impact event and has been dated to 12.9 ka BP coinciding with the onset of Younger Dryas (YD) cooling and widespread megafaunal extinctions in North America. At many locations the impact layer is directly below a black mat marking the sudden disappearance of the megafauna and Clovis people. The distribution pattern of the Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) ejecta layer is consistent with an impact near the Great Lakes that deposited terrestrial-like ejecta near the impact site and unusual, titanium-rich projectile-like ejecta further away. High water content associated with the ejecta, up to 28 at. % hydrogen (H), suggests the impact occurred over the Laurentide Ice Sheet. YDB microspherules and magnetic grains are highly enriched in TiO2. Magnetic grains from several sites are enriched in iridium (Ir), up to 117 ppb. The TiO2/FeO, K/Th, TiO2/Zr, Al2O3/FeO+MgO, CaO/Al2O3, REE/ chondrite, FeO/MnO ratios and SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Cr2O3, Ni, Co, U, Th and other trace element abundances are inconsistent with all terrestrial and extraterrestrial (ET) sources except for KREEP, a lunar igneous rock rich in potassium (K), rare-earth elements (REE), phosphorus (P), and other incompatible elements including U and Th. Normal Fe, Ti, and 238U/235U isotopic abundances were found in the magnetic grains, but 234U was enriched over equilibrium values by 50 % in Murray Springs and by 130 % in Belgium. 40K abundance is enriched by up to 100 % in YDB sediments and Clovis chert artifacts. Highly vesicular carbon spherules containing nanodiamonds, glass-like carbon, charcoal and soot found in large quantities in the YDB layer are consistent with an impact followed by intense burning. Four holes in the Great Lakes, some deeper than Death Valley, are proposed as possible craters produced by the airburst breakup of a loosely aggregated projectile.ΠœΡ‹ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ слои ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ ΠΈ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡƒΠ», ΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ стСкло прСимущСствСнно ΠΈΠ· ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² дСвяти ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ всСй Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ АмСрикС, Π‘Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ всСх 16 Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ… ΠšΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ согласуСтся со слоями с ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ вСщСством ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡƒΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊ 12,9 тыс. Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, совпадая с ΠΏΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ повсСмСстным исчСзновСниСм ΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Ρ„Π°ΡƒΠ½Ρ‹ Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ АмСрикС Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ Молодого Дриаса (YD). Π’ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… мСстах слой с ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ вСщСством располоТСн нСпосрСдствСнно ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ исчСзновСния ΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Ρ„Π°ΡƒΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Кловиса. ΠšΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° распрСдСлСния слоя ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вСщСства Π½Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π΅ Молодого Дриаса (YDB) согласуСтся с ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ воздСйствиСм ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ€, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎ вСщСство, Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ мСста Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ воздСйствия, ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ частицы, Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ дальшС. ВысокоС содСрТаниС Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π² слоях ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вСщСства (Π΄ΠΎ 28 % Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°) ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ воздСйствиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° Π›Π°Π²Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° Π² слоС YDB высоко ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ TiO2. ΠœΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… мСст ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (Ir), Π΄ΠΎ 117 частСй Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°Ρ€Π΄. ΠžΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ TiO2/FeO, K/Th, TiO2/Zr, Al2O3/FeO+MgO, CaO/Al2O3, REE / Ρ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹, FeO / MnO, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Cr2O3, Ni, Co, U, Th ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ слСды элСмСнтов ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ нСсовмСстимыми со всСми Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ источниками, Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ KREEP - Π»ΡƒΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ магматичСской ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (K), Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ элСмСнтами (Π Π—Π­), фосфором (P) ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ нСсовмСстимыми элСмСнтами, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Fe, Ti ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ 238U/235U Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ…, Π½ΠΎ 234U ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ равновСсными значСниями Π½Π° 50 % Π² ΠœΡŽΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΉ-Бпрингс ΠΈ Π½Π° 130 % Π² Π‘Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. 40K ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎ 100 % осадками ΠΈΠ· YDB ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Кловис. Высокая Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², содСрТащих Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΌΠ°Π·Ρ‹, стСкло, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄, дрСвСсный ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠΈ саТа, ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ… количСствах Π² слоС YDB ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ с послСдствиями интСнсивного горСния. Π§Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ€, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π² Π”ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ смСрти, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² качСствС Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ Π²Π·Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π΅ ΠΈ распада слабо Π°Π³Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ

    Analysis of the Younger Dryas Impact Layer

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    We have uncovered a thin layer of magnetic grains and microspherules, carbon spherules, and glass-like carbon at nine sites across North America, a site in Belgium, and throughout the rims of 16 Carolina Bays. It is consistent with the ejecta layer from an impact event and has been dated to 12.9 ka BP coinciding with the onset of Younger Dryas (YD) cooling and widespread megafaunal extinctions in North America. At many locations the impact layer is directly below a black mat marking the sudden disappearance of the megafauna and Clovis people. The distribution pattern of the Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) ejecta layer is consistent with an impact near the Great Lakes that deposited terrestrial-like ejecta near the impact site and unusual, titanium-rich projectile-like ejecta further away. High water content associated with the ejecta, up to 28 at. % hydrogen (H), suggests the impact occurred over the Laurentide Ice Sheet. YDB microspherules and magnetic grains are highly enriched in TiO2. Magnetic grains from several sites are enriched in iridium (Ir), up to 117 ppb. The TiO2/FeO, K/Th, TiO2/Zr, Al2O3/FeO+MgO, CaO/Al2O3, REE/ chondrite, FeO/MnO ratios and SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Cr2O3, Ni, Co, U, Th and other trace element abundances are inconsistent with all terrestrial and extraterrestrial (ET) sources except for KREEP, a lunar igneous rock rich in potassium (K), rare-earth elements (REE), phosphorus (P), and other incompatible elements including U and Th. Normal Fe, Ti, and 238U/235U isotopic abundances were found in the magnetic grains, but 234U was enriched over equilibrium values by 50 % in Murray Springs and by 130 % in Belgium. 40K abundance is enriched by up to 100 % in YDB sediments and Clovis chert artifacts. Highly vesicular carbon spherules containing nanodiamonds, glass-like carbon, charcoal and soot found in large quantities in the YDB layer are consistent with an impact followed by intense burning. Four holes in the Great Lakes, some deeper than Death Valley, are proposed as possible craters produced by the airburst breakup of a loosely aggregated projectile.ΠœΡ‹ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ слои ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ ΠΈ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡƒΠ», ΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ стСкло прСимущСствСнно ΠΈΠ· ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² дСвяти ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ всСй Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ АмСрикС, Π‘Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ всСх 16 Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ… ΠšΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ согласуСтся со слоями с ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ вСщСством ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡƒΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊ 12,9 тыс. Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, совпадая с ΠΏΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ повсСмСстным исчСзновСниСм ΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Ρ„Π°ΡƒΠ½Ρ‹ Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ АмСрикС Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ Молодого Дриаса (YD). Π’ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… мСстах слой с ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ вСщСством располоТСн нСпосрСдствСнно ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ исчСзновСния ΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Ρ„Π°ΡƒΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Кловиса. ΠšΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° распрСдСлСния слоя ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вСщСства Π½Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π΅ Молодого Дриаса (YDB) согласуСтся с ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ воздСйствиСм ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ€, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎ вСщСство, Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ мСста Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ воздСйствия, ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ частицы, Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ дальшС. ВысокоС содСрТаниС Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π² слоях ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вСщСства (Π΄ΠΎ 28 % Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°) ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ воздСйствиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° Π›Π°Π²Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° Π² слоС YDB высоко ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ TiO2. ΠœΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… мСст ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (Ir), Π΄ΠΎ 117 частСй Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°Ρ€Π΄. ΠžΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ TiO2/FeO, K/Th, TiO2/Zr, Al2O3/FeO+MgO, CaO/Al2O3, REE / Ρ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹, FeO / MnO, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Cr2O3, Ni, Co, U, Th ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ слСды элСмСнтов ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ нСсовмСстимыми со всСми Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ источниками, Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ KREEP - Π»ΡƒΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ магматичСской ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (K), Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ элСмСнтами (Π Π—Π­), фосфором (P) ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ нСсовмСстимыми элСмСнтами, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Fe, Ti ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ 238U/235U Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ…, Π½ΠΎ 234U ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ равновСсными значСниями Π½Π° 50 % Π² ΠœΡŽΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΉ-Бпрингс ΠΈ Π½Π° 130 % Π² Π‘Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. 40K ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎ 100 % осадками ΠΈΠ· YDB ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Кловис. Высокая Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², содСрТащих Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΌΠ°Π·Ρ‹, стСкло, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄, дрСвСсный ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠΈ саТа, ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ… количСствах Π² слоС YDB ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ с послСдствиями интСнсивного горСния. Π§Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ€, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π² Π”ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ смСрти, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² качСствС Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ Π²Π·Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π΅ ΠΈ распада слабо Π°Π³Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ

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