Performance et pérennité des SPL: quel impact sur le développement territorial ?

Plusieurs auteurs se sont attachés à analyser le développement et la territorialisation de réseaux d’entreprises. Ces travaux ont contribué à l’apparition du concept de Système Productif Localisé (SPL) (notamment Courlet 2002). Ainsi, les territoires deviennent plus attractifs à travers l’existence des SPL performants qui perdure dans le temps. Ainsi, une question primordiale se pose : « quel rôle joue l’entrepreneur dans la performance et la pérennité des SPL? »  L’objectif de cet article vise à explorer l’implication de l’entrepreneur au niveau de la région Fès/Meknès dans ce processus de performance et la pérennité des SPL et par la suite de dynamique territoriale. En effet  nous chercherons à comprendre les facteurs de performance de ces systèmes. Ainsi, nous pourrons mieux délimiter les conditions nécessaires pour assurer la pérennité  et le développement de ces systèmes. Pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons opté pour un processus de recherche basé une étude exploratoire du terrain d’investigation. Cette phase s’est matérialisée par des entretiens réalisés avec 26 entreprises implantées au niveau de la région Fès/Meknès. Ces entretiens ont montré que 17 entreprises parmi les 26 reconnaissent leur appartenance à des SPL au niveau du territoire

Evaluating the Impact of Java Virtual Machines on Energy Consumption

International audienceBackground. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) platforms have known multiple evolutions along the last decades to enhance both the performance they exhibit and the features they offer. With regards to energy consumption, few studies have investigated the energy consumption of code and data structures. Yet, we keep missing an evaluation of the energy efficiency of existing JVM platforms and an identification of the configurations that minimize the energy consumption of software hosted on the JVM. Aims. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variations in energy consumption between different JVM distributions and parameters to help developers configuring the least consuming environment for their Java application. Method. We thus assess the energy consumption of some of the most popular and supported JVM platforms using 12 Java benchmarks that explore different performance objectives. Moreover, we investigate the impact of the different JVM parameters and configurations on the energy consumption of software. Results. Our results show that some JVM platforms can exhibit up to 100% more energy consumption. JVM configurations can also play a substantial role to reduce the energy consumption during the software execution. Interestingly, the default configuration of the garbage collector was energy efficient in only 50% of our experiments. Conclusion. Finally, we provide an OSS tool, named J-Referral that recommends an energy-efficient JVM distribution and configuration for any Java application

Taming Energy Consumption Variations in Systems Benchmarking

International audienceThe past decade witnessed the inclusion of power measurements to evaluate the energy efficiency of software systems, thus making energy a prime indicator along with performance. Nevertheless, measuring the energy consumption of a software system remains a tedious task for practitioners. In particular, the energy measurement process may be subject to a lot of variations that hinder the relevance of potential comparisons. While the state of the art mostly acknowledged the impact of hardware factors (chip printing process, CPU temperature), this paper investigates the impact of controllable factors on these variations. More specifically, we conduct an empirical study of multiple controllable parameters that one can easily tune to tame the energy consumption variations when benchmarking software systems.To better understand the causes of such variations, we ran more than a 1000 experiments on more than 100 machines with different workloads and configurations. The main factors we studied encompass: experimental protocol, CPU features (C-states, Turbo~Boost, core pinning) and generations, as well as the operating system. Our experiments showed that, for some workloads, it is possible to tighten the energy variation by up to 30×. Finally, we summarize our results as guidelines to tame energy consumption variations. We argue that the guidelines we deliver are the minimal requirements to be considered prior to any energy efficiency evaluatio

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

Diderot entre Traduction et Adaptation – Le Joueur de Diderot et The Gamester de Moore.

Un exemple de transfert entre deux langues nous est fourni par Diderot qui est un modèle de dialogue entre les cultures par sa traduction du texte de Moore. À travers l’étude de son texte, nous allons voir les similitudes et les ressemblances entre le texte source et le texte cible. Nous allons étudier aussi les divergences et les modifications apportées par Diderot dans sa traduction. Nous avons voulu voir si Diderot est un traducteur fidèle ou un traducteur créateur, c’est un adaptateur ou un auteur inventif, autrement-dit voir si la traduction est un processus de créativité ou de fidélité