37 research outputs found

    Acute and subacute anti-inflammatory activities of dichloromethane extract of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves in wistar rats

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    Background: In Burkina Faso, leaves of Cassia alata are used in the treatment of several diseases, including inflammation. This study evaluated the  anti-inflammatory effects of the dichloromethane extract of Cassia alata leaves (CF-AECal) on different models of inflammation in wistar rats in order to enhance its use in traditional medicine.Materials and Methods: Acute inflammation was induced among rats with 0.1 ml of carrageenan, serotonin, histamine and dextrane 1%. The effects of the CF-AECal 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg were compared to the effects of diclofenal 5 mg/kg, prednisone 5 mg/kg, promethazine 1 mg/kg, cyproheptadin 2 mg/kg. Cotton pellet and air pouch - induced granuloma permitted to study CF-AECal effects on the subacute inflammation. The ways of administrations were intra peritoneal for the substances of inductions and oral for the molecules of references and CF-AECal.Result: Carrageenan-induced paw edema has been inhibited to 52.39% by CF-AECal 50 mg/kg and 50.17% by CF-AECal 100 mg/kg. Wet granulomas formation has been inhibited by CF-AECal 50 and 100 mg/kg to 20.94 and 57.82%. The dry granulomas were inhibited at 24.32 and 59.04% by CF-AECal 50 and 100 mg/kg. Air pouch fluid was significantly reduced by CF-AECal in comparison to the control group. There was a massive recruitment of leukocytes in the pocket granuloma of the control group. CF-AECal caused strong inhibition of this infiltration of leukocytes (p< 0.001).Conclusion: Dichloromethane extract of Cassia alata showed anti-inflammatory effects.Key words: Cassia alata, anti-inflammatory effect, animal models, edema, granulom

    ACUTE AND SUBACUTE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF DICHLOROMETHANE EXTRACT OF CASSIA ALATA (LINN.) LEAVES IN WISTAR RATS

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    Background: In Burkina Faso, leaves of Cassia alata are used in the treatment of several diseases, including inflammation. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the dichloromethane extract of Cassia alata leaves (CF-AECal) on different models of inflammation in wistar rats in order to enhance its use in traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Acute inflammation was induced among rats with 0.1 ml of carrageenan, serotonin, histamine and dextrane 1%. The effects of the CF-AECal 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg were compared to the effects of diclofenal 5 mg/kg, prednisone 5 mg/kg, promethazine 1 mg/kg, cyproheptadin 2 mg/kg. Cotton pellet and air pouch - induced granuloma permitted to study CF-AECal effects on the subacute inflammation. The ways of administrations were intra peritoneal for the substances of inductions and oral for the molecules of references and CF-AECal. Result: Carrageenan-induced paw edema has been inhibited to 52.39% by CF-AECal 50 mg/kg and 50.17% by CF-AECal 100 mg/kg. Wet granulomas formation has been inhibited by CF-AECal 50 and 100 mg/kg to 20.94 and 57.82%. The dry granulomas were inhibited at 24.32 and 59.04% by CF-AECal 50 and 100 mg/kg. Air pouch fluid was significantly reduced by CF-AECal in comparison to the control group. There was a massive recruitment of leukocytes in the pocket granuloma of the control group. CF-AECal caused strong inhibition of this infiltration of leukocytes (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Dichloromethane extract of Cassia alata showed anti-inflammatory effects

    Detection immunochistochimique de molecules peptidiques et d'aminers : leur coexistence dans le systeme nerveux d'Aeshna cyanea (insecte, odonate)

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    SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

    Compréhension et caractérisation de l'intermittence du réseau hydrographique en Afrique : développements méthodologiques et applications hydrologiques

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    Intermittent rivers are rivers that stop flowing at some point in space and time. However, the understanding of the spatio-temporal variability of intermittent rivers as well as their precise location in the hydrographic network remains limited due to a lack of data (hydrometric, hydrographic, etc..). These difficulties are accentuated in data-limited regions such as Africa and this thesis aims to develop methodological approaches that rely on Random Forest models and statistical analyses to characterize the spatial distribution of intermittent rivers and to better understand the controlling factors of intermittency in Africa in order to overcome the observation gaps. Firstly, this thesis focused on the regional scale in Burkina Faso where 49 stream gauging stations with at least four years of data over the period 1955-1985 were examined. The mean number of months with zero flow per year ((Ndry) ̅) was used as a predictor to define four increasing classes of flow intermittency namely: permanent (0-1 months with zero flow), weakly intermittent (2-4), highly intermittent (5-7), ephemeral (8-12). A principal component analysis (PCA) performed on 49 gauging stations showed that, although the Strahler order and the average annual precipitation influence the geographical distribution of the different intermittency classes in Burkina Faso, the average permeability and the upstream catchment area mainly explain this distribution. This study suggests that the seasonality of precipitation in Burkina Faso also makes streamflow seasonal regardless of mean annual precipitation unless hydrogeological processes are involved, notably through the contribution of aquifers to baseflow during low-flow periods. The Random Forest model estimated that 88% of the total length of the rivers in Burkina Faso are intermittent compared to 98% in the national reference hydrographic databases (IGB-BNDT). Secondly, at the African scale, 1125 gauging stations with at least 4 years of data are examined over the period 1958-1991. Several Random Forest models were trained to relate the classes of intermittency observed at the gauging stations to the characteristic values of the key environmental variables identified (15). This model calibration identified, in order of importance, the aridity index (P/ETP), upstream catchment area, and mean annual potential evapotranspiration as the most important controlling factors of intermittency at the continental scale in Africa. This is further confirmed by the fact that the majority of gauges stations classified as intermittent in the sample analyzed have mean annual potential evapotranspiration values that are higher than the mean annual precipitation (i.e, aridity index < 1). This study predicts that in Africa 44% of the river length is permanent while 56% is intermittent (9% weakly intermittent, 31% highly intermittent, 16% ephemeral). The model predictions generally capture the spatial distribution of intermittency in the national reference hydrographic database of South Africa, Benin, Madagascar, and Mali somewhat less so in Burkina Faso. Finally, this thesis focused on the difficulties of global and continental river networks to reproduce the spatial variability of the observed drainage density in the national reference hydrographic database of different countries in Africa. A simple method for extracting streams from DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with a spatially variable contributing area (Amin) was developed.Les cours d’eau intermittents sont des cours d’eau qui cessent de couler Ă  un moment donnĂ© dans l’espace et le temps. Cependant, la comprĂ©hension de la variabilitĂ© spatio-temporelle des cours d’eau intermittents ainsi que leur localisation prĂ©cise dans le rĂ©seau hydrographique reste limitĂ©e en raison d’un manque de donnĂ©es (hydromĂ©triques, hydrographiques, etc.
). Ces difficultĂ©s sont accentuĂ©es dans les rĂ©gions Ă  donnĂ©es limitĂ©es comme l’Afrique et cette thĂšse vise principalement Ă  dĂ©velopper des approches mĂ©thodologiques qui s'appuient sur des modĂšles de forĂȘts alĂ©atoires (Random Forest) ainsi que des analyses statistiques pour caractĂ©riser la distribution spatiale des cours d’eau intermittents et mieux apprĂ©hender les mĂ©canismes de contrĂŽle de l’intermittence en Afrique afin de pallier les lacunes d’observations. D’abord, cette thĂšse s’est focalisĂ©e Ă  l’échelle rĂ©gionale au Burkina Faso oĂč 49 stations de jaugeage des cours d’eau avec au minimum quatre ans de donnĂ©es sur la pĂ©riode 1955-1985 ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©es. Le nombre moyen de mois Ă  dĂ©bit nul par an ((Ndry) ̅) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour dĂ©finir quatre classes croissantes d'intermittence du dĂ©bit Ă  savoir : permanent (0-1 mois Ă  dĂ©bit nul), faiblement intermittent (2-4), fortement intermittent (5-7), Ă©phĂ©mĂšre (8-12). Une analyse en composante principale (ACP) rĂ©alisĂ©e sur les 49 stations de jaugeages a montrĂ© que, bien que l’ordre de Strahler et la prĂ©cipitation moyenne annuelle influencent la rĂ©partition gĂ©ographique des diffĂ©rentes classes d’intermittence au Burkina Faso, la permĂ©abilitĂ© moyenne et la surface amont des bassins versants expliquent principalement cette rĂ©partition. Cette Ă©tude suggĂšre que la saisonnalitĂ© de la prĂ©cipitation au Burkina Faso rend Ă©galement saisonnier l’écoulement des cours d’eau Ă  moins que les processus hydrogĂ©ologiques ne soient impliquĂ©s, notamment Ă  travers la contribution des aquifĂšres au dĂ©bit de base pendant les pĂ©riodes d’étiage. L’approche de prĂ©diction par Random Forest a permis d’estimer sur le rĂ©seau hydrographique LCS que 83% de la longueur totale des cours d’eau au Burkina Faso sont intermittents contre 98% dans le rĂ©seau hydrographique nationale de rĂ©fĂ©rence (IGB-BNDT). Ensuite, Ă  l’échelle de l’Afrique, 1125 stations de jaugeage avec au moins 4 ans de donnĂ©es sont examinĂ©es sur la pĂ©riode 1958-1991. Plusieurs modĂšles Random Forest ont Ă©tĂ© entrainĂ©s Ă  relier les classes d’intermittence observĂ©e au droit des stations de jaugeage aux valeurs caractĂ©ristiques de 15 variables environnementales clĂ©s identifiĂ©es. L’indice d’ariditĂ© (P/ETP), la surface amont des bassins versants et l’évapotranspiration potentielle moyenne annuelle ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme les facteurs de contrĂŽle les plus importants de l’intermittence Ă  l’échelle continentale de l’Afrique. Cela se confirme d’autant plus que la majoritĂ© des stations classĂ©es intermittentes dans l’échantillon analysĂ© ont des valeurs d’évapotranspiration potentielle moyenne annuelle qui sont supĂ©rieures Ă  la prĂ©cipitation moyenne annuelle (c.-Ă -d. indice d’ariditĂ© < 1). Cette Ă©tude prĂ©dit sur le rĂ©seau hydrographique LCS qu’en Afrique 44 % en longueur des cours d’eau sont permanents tandis que 56 % sont intermittents (9 % faiblement intermittents, 31 % fortement intermittents, 16 % Ă©phĂ©mĂšres). Les prĂ©dictions du modĂšle capturent en gĂ©nĂ©ral la distribution spatiale de l’intermittence dans les rĂ©seaux hydrographiques nationaux de rĂ©fĂ©rence de l’Afrique du Sud, du BĂ©nin, de Madagascar, du Mali et un peu moins au Burkina Faso. Enfin, cette thĂšse s’est appesantie sur les difficultĂ©s des rĂ©seaux hydrographiques globaux et continentaux Ă  reproduire la variabilitĂ© spatiale de la densitĂ© de drainage observĂ©e sur les rĂ©seaux hydrographiques nationaux de rĂ©fĂ©rence des diffĂ©rents pays en Afrique. Une mĂ©thode simple pour extraire les cours d’eau des MNT (ModĂšle NumĂ©rique de Terrain) Ă  partir de surface contributive (Amin) variable spatialement a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e

    Compréhension et caractérisation de l'intermittence du réseau hydrographique en Afrique : développements méthodologiques et applications hydrologiques

    No full text
    Intermittent rivers are rivers that stop flowing at some point in space and time. However, the understanding of the spatio-temporal variability of intermittent rivers as well as their precise location in the hydrographic network remains limited due to a lack of data (hydrometric, hydrographic, etc..). These difficulties are accentuated in data-limited regions such as Africa and this thesis aims to develop methodological approaches that rely on Random Forest models and statistical analyses to characterize the spatial distribution of intermittent rivers and to better understand the controlling factors of intermittency in Africa in order to overcome the observation gaps. Firstly, this thesis focused on the regional scale in Burkina Faso where 49 stream gauging stations with at least four years of data over the period 1955-1985 were examined. The mean number of months with zero flow per year ((Ndry) ̅) was used as a predictor to define four increasing classes of flow intermittency namely: permanent (0-1 months with zero flow), weakly intermittent (2-4), highly intermittent (5-7), ephemeral (8-12). A principal component analysis (PCA) performed on 49 gauging stations showed that, although the Strahler order and the average annual precipitation influence the geographical distribution of the different intermittency classes in Burkina Faso, the average permeability and the upstream catchment area mainly explain this distribution. This study suggests that the seasonality of precipitation in Burkina Faso also makes streamflow seasonal regardless of mean annual precipitation unless hydrogeological processes are involved, notably through the contribution of aquifers to baseflow during low-flow periods. The Random Forest model estimated that 88% of the total length of the rivers in Burkina Faso are intermittent compared to 98% in the national reference hydrographic databases (IGB-BNDT). Secondly, at the African scale, 1125 gauging stations with at least 4 years of data are examined over the period 1958-1991. Several Random Forest models were trained to relate the classes of intermittency observed at the gauging stations to the characteristic values of the key environmental variables identified (15). This model calibration identified, in order of importance, the aridity index (P/ETP), upstream catchment area, and mean annual potential evapotranspiration as the most important controlling factors of intermittency at the continental scale in Africa. This is further confirmed by the fact that the majority of gauges stations classified as intermittent in the sample analyzed have mean annual potential evapotranspiration values that are higher than the mean annual precipitation (i.e, aridity index < 1). This study predicts that in Africa 44% of the river length is permanent while 56% is intermittent (9% weakly intermittent, 31% highly intermittent, 16% ephemeral). The model predictions generally capture the spatial distribution of intermittency in the national reference hydrographic database of South Africa, Benin, Madagascar, and Mali somewhat less so in Burkina Faso. Finally, this thesis focused on the difficulties of global and continental river networks to reproduce the spatial variability of the observed drainage density in the national reference hydrographic database of different countries in Africa. A simple method for extracting streams from DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with a spatially variable contributing area (Amin) was developed.Les cours d’eau intermittents sont des cours d’eau qui cessent de couler Ă  un moment donnĂ© dans l’espace et le temps. Cependant, la comprĂ©hension de la variabilitĂ© spatio-temporelle des cours d’eau intermittents ainsi que leur localisation prĂ©cise dans le rĂ©seau hydrographique reste limitĂ©e en raison d’un manque de donnĂ©es (hydromĂ©triques, hydrographiques, etc.
). Ces difficultĂ©s sont accentuĂ©es dans les rĂ©gions Ă  donnĂ©es limitĂ©es comme l’Afrique et cette thĂšse vise principalement Ă  dĂ©velopper des approches mĂ©thodologiques qui s'appuient sur des modĂšles de forĂȘts alĂ©atoires (Random Forest) ainsi que des analyses statistiques pour caractĂ©riser la distribution spatiale des cours d’eau intermittents et mieux apprĂ©hender les mĂ©canismes de contrĂŽle de l’intermittence en Afrique afin de pallier les lacunes d’observations. D’abord, cette thĂšse s’est focalisĂ©e Ă  l’échelle rĂ©gionale au Burkina Faso oĂč 49 stations de jaugeage des cours d’eau avec au minimum quatre ans de donnĂ©es sur la pĂ©riode 1955-1985 ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©es. Le nombre moyen de mois Ă  dĂ©bit nul par an ((Ndry) ̅) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour dĂ©finir quatre classes croissantes d'intermittence du dĂ©bit Ă  savoir : permanent (0-1 mois Ă  dĂ©bit nul), faiblement intermittent (2-4), fortement intermittent (5-7), Ă©phĂ©mĂšre (8-12). Une analyse en composante principale (ACP) rĂ©alisĂ©e sur les 49 stations de jaugeages a montrĂ© que, bien que l’ordre de Strahler et la prĂ©cipitation moyenne annuelle influencent la rĂ©partition gĂ©ographique des diffĂ©rentes classes d’intermittence au Burkina Faso, la permĂ©abilitĂ© moyenne et la surface amont des bassins versants expliquent principalement cette rĂ©partition. Cette Ă©tude suggĂšre que la saisonnalitĂ© de la prĂ©cipitation au Burkina Faso rend Ă©galement saisonnier l’écoulement des cours d’eau Ă  moins que les processus hydrogĂ©ologiques ne soient impliquĂ©s, notamment Ă  travers la contribution des aquifĂšres au dĂ©bit de base pendant les pĂ©riodes d’étiage. L’approche de prĂ©diction par Random Forest a permis d’estimer sur le rĂ©seau hydrographique LCS que 83% de la longueur totale des cours d’eau au Burkina Faso sont intermittents contre 98% dans le rĂ©seau hydrographique nationale de rĂ©fĂ©rence (IGB-BNDT). Ensuite, Ă  l’échelle de l’Afrique, 1125 stations de jaugeage avec au moins 4 ans de donnĂ©es sont examinĂ©es sur la pĂ©riode 1958-1991. Plusieurs modĂšles Random Forest ont Ă©tĂ© entrainĂ©s Ă  relier les classes d’intermittence observĂ©e au droit des stations de jaugeage aux valeurs caractĂ©ristiques de 15 variables environnementales clĂ©s identifiĂ©es. L’indice d’ariditĂ© (P/ETP), la surface amont des bassins versants et l’évapotranspiration potentielle moyenne annuelle ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme les facteurs de contrĂŽle les plus importants de l’intermittence Ă  l’échelle continentale de l’Afrique. Cela se confirme d’autant plus que la majoritĂ© des stations classĂ©es intermittentes dans l’échantillon analysĂ© ont des valeurs d’évapotranspiration potentielle moyenne annuelle qui sont supĂ©rieures Ă  la prĂ©cipitation moyenne annuelle (c.-Ă -d. indice d’ariditĂ© < 1). Cette Ă©tude prĂ©dit sur le rĂ©seau hydrographique LCS qu’en Afrique 44 % en longueur des cours d’eau sont permanents tandis que 56 % sont intermittents (9 % faiblement intermittents, 31 % fortement intermittents, 16 % Ă©phĂ©mĂšres). Les prĂ©dictions du modĂšle capturent en gĂ©nĂ©ral la distribution spatiale de l’intermittence dans les rĂ©seaux hydrographiques nationaux de rĂ©fĂ©rence de l’Afrique du Sud, du BĂ©nin, de Madagascar, du Mali et un peu moins au Burkina Faso. Enfin, cette thĂšse s’est appesantie sur les difficultĂ©s des rĂ©seaux hydrographiques globaux et continentaux Ă  reproduire la variabilitĂ© spatiale de la densitĂ© de drainage observĂ©e sur les rĂ©seaux hydrographiques nationaux de rĂ©fĂ©rence des diffĂ©rents pays en Afrique. Une mĂ©thode simple pour extraire les cours d’eau des MNT (ModĂšle NumĂ©rique de Terrain) Ă  partir de surface contributive (Amin) variable spatialement a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e

    Understanding and characterizing the intermittency of the river network in Africa : methodological developments and hydrological applications

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    Les cours d’eau intermittents sont des cours d’eau qui cessent de couler Ă  un moment donnĂ© dans l’espace et le temps. Cependant, la comprĂ©hension de la variabilitĂ© spatio-temporelle des cours d’eau intermittents ainsi que leur localisation prĂ©cise dans le rĂ©seau hydrographique reste limitĂ©e en raison d’un manque de donnĂ©es (hydromĂ©triques, hydrographiques, etc.
). Ces difficultĂ©s sont accentuĂ©es dans les rĂ©gions Ă  donnĂ©es limitĂ©es comme l’Afrique et cette thĂšse vise principalement Ă  dĂ©velopper des approches mĂ©thodologiques qui s'appuient sur des modĂšles de forĂȘts alĂ©atoires (Random Forest) ainsi que des analyses statistiques pour caractĂ©riser la distribution spatiale des cours d’eau intermittents et mieux apprĂ©hender les mĂ©canismes de contrĂŽle de l’intermittence en Afrique afin de pallier les lacunes d’observations. D’abord, cette thĂšse s’est focalisĂ©e Ă  l’échelle rĂ©gionale au Burkina Faso oĂč 49 stations de jaugeage des cours d’eau avec au minimum quatre ans de donnĂ©es sur la pĂ©riode 1955-1985 ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©es. Le nombre moyen de mois Ă  dĂ©bit nul par an ((Ndry) ̅) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour dĂ©finir quatre classes croissantes d'intermittence du dĂ©bit Ă  savoir : permanent (0-1 mois Ă  dĂ©bit nul), faiblement intermittent (2-4), fortement intermittent (5-7), Ă©phĂ©mĂšre (8-12). Une analyse en composante principale (ACP) rĂ©alisĂ©e sur les 49 stations de jaugeages a montrĂ© que, bien que l’ordre de Strahler et la prĂ©cipitation moyenne annuelle influencent la rĂ©partition gĂ©ographique des diffĂ©rentes classes d’intermittence au Burkina Faso, la permĂ©abilitĂ© moyenne et la surface amont des bassins versants expliquent principalement cette rĂ©partition. Cette Ă©tude suggĂšre que la saisonnalitĂ© de la prĂ©cipitation au Burkina Faso rend Ă©galement saisonnier l’écoulement des cours d’eau Ă  moins que les processus hydrogĂ©ologiques ne soient impliquĂ©s, notamment Ă  travers la contribution des aquifĂšres au dĂ©bit de base pendant les pĂ©riodes d’étiage. L’approche de prĂ©diction par Random Forest a permis d’estimer sur le rĂ©seau hydrographique LCS que 83% de la longueur totale des cours d’eau au Burkina Faso sont intermittents contre 98% dans le rĂ©seau hydrographique nationale de rĂ©fĂ©rence (IGB-BNDT). Ensuite, Ă  l’échelle de l’Afrique, 1125 stations de jaugeage avec au moins 4 ans de donnĂ©es sont examinĂ©es sur la pĂ©riode 1958-1991. Plusieurs modĂšles Random Forest ont Ă©tĂ© entrainĂ©s Ă  relier les classes d’intermittence observĂ©e au droit des stations de jaugeage aux valeurs caractĂ©ristiques de 15 variables environnementales clĂ©s identifiĂ©es. L’indice d’ariditĂ© (P/ETP), la surface amont des bassins versants et l’évapotranspiration potentielle moyenne annuelle ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme les facteurs de contrĂŽle les plus importants de l’intermittence Ă  l’échelle continentale de l’Afrique. Cela se confirme d’autant plus que la majoritĂ© des stations classĂ©es intermittentes dans l’échantillon analysĂ© ont des valeurs d’évapotranspiration potentielle moyenne annuelle qui sont supĂ©rieures Ă  la prĂ©cipitation moyenne annuelle (c.-Ă -d. indice d’ariditĂ© < 1). Cette Ă©tude prĂ©dit sur le rĂ©seau hydrographique LCS qu’en Afrique 44 % en longueur des cours d’eau sont permanents tandis que 56 % sont intermittents (9 % faiblement intermittents, 31 % fortement intermittents, 16 % Ă©phĂ©mĂšres). Les prĂ©dictions du modĂšle capturent en gĂ©nĂ©ral la distribution spatiale de l’intermittence dans les rĂ©seaux hydrographiques nationaux de rĂ©fĂ©rence de l’Afrique du Sud, du BĂ©nin, de Madagascar, du Mali et un peu moins au Burkina Faso. Enfin, cette thĂšse s’est appesantie sur les difficultĂ©s des rĂ©seaux hydrographiques globaux et continentaux Ă  reproduire la variabilitĂ© spatiale de la densitĂ© de drainage observĂ©e sur les rĂ©seaux hydrographiques nationaux de rĂ©fĂ©rence des diffĂ©rents pays en Afrique. Une mĂ©thode simple pour extraire les cours d’eau des MNT (ModĂšle NumĂ©rique de Terrain) Ă  partir de surface contributive (Amin) variable spatialement a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e.Intermittent rivers are rivers that stop flowing at some point in space and time. However, the understanding of the spatio-temporal variability of intermittent rivers as well as their precise location in the hydrographic network remains limited due to a lack of data (hydrometric, hydrographic, etc..). These difficulties are accentuated in data-limited regions such as Africa and this thesis aims to develop methodological approaches that rely on Random Forest models and statistical analyses to characterize the spatial distribution of intermittent rivers and to better understand the controlling factors of intermittency in Africa in order to overcome the observation gaps. Firstly, this thesis focused on the regional scale in Burkina Faso where 49 stream gauging stations with at least four years of data over the period 1955-1985 were examined. The mean number of months with zero flow per year ((Ndry) ̅) was used as a predictor to define four increasing classes of flow intermittency namely: permanent (0-1 months with zero flow), weakly intermittent (2-4), highly intermittent (5-7), ephemeral (8-12). A principal component analysis (PCA) performed on 49 gauging stations showed that, although the Strahler order and the average annual precipitation influence the geographical distribution of the different intermittency classes in Burkina Faso, the average permeability and the upstream catchment area mainly explain this distribution. This study suggests that the seasonality of precipitation in Burkina Faso also makes streamflow seasonal regardless of mean annual precipitation unless hydrogeological processes are involved, notably through the contribution of aquifers to baseflow during low-flow periods. The Random Forest model estimated that 88% of the total length of the rivers in Burkina Faso are intermittent compared to 98% in the national reference hydrographic databases (IGB-BNDT). Secondly, at the African scale, 1125 gauging stations with at least 4 years of data are examined over the period 1958-1991. Several Random Forest models were trained to relate the classes of intermittency observed at the gauging stations to the characteristic values of the key environmental variables identified (15). This model calibration identified, in order of importance, the aridity index (P/ETP), upstream catchment area, and mean annual potential evapotranspiration as the most important controlling factors of intermittency at the continental scale in Africa. This is further confirmed by the fact that the majority of gauges stations classified as intermittent in the sample analyzed have mean annual potential evapotranspiration values that are higher than the mean annual precipitation (i.e, aridity index < 1). This study predicts that in Africa 44% of the river length is permanent while 56% is intermittent (9% weakly intermittent, 31% highly intermittent, 16% ephemeral). The model predictions generally capture the spatial distribution of intermittency in the national reference hydrographic database of South Africa, Benin, Madagascar, and Mali somewhat less so in Burkina Faso. Finally, this thesis focused on the difficulties of global and continental river networks to reproduce the spatial variability of the observed drainage density in the national reference hydrographic database of different countries in Africa. A simple method for extracting streams from DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with a spatially variable contributing area (Amin) was developed

    Improvement of river network representation in Africa: application of an approach based on digital elevation data and environmental characteristics

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    International audienceIn many continental databases representing rivers across Africa, information on rivers characteristics (length, width, intermittent or perennial) is often incomplete, and small streams are largely underrepresented. Fortunately, the use of topographic information from digital elevation models (DEMs) provides an opportunity to have more detailed information on rivers, particularly small streams in broad areas. A common approach to extract streams from DEM is to consider as a stream all DEM cells that drain at least a certain upstream surface, commonly known as the minimum contributing area (A min). This parameter (A min) is generally defined uniformly over large areas and this independently of the very variable climate and landscape conditions so that the generated streams have a rather uniform spatial distribution. To address this issue, using a 3 (approx. 90 m × 90 m) DEM of Burkina Faso, the relationship between A min and the observed drainage density (Dd obs) was established with satisfactory performance (r 2 = 0.86). In ongoing work, the functional relationship between the observed drainage densities (Dd obs) and environmental variables (lithology, climate, geology, vegetation cover) should allow for the establishment of the relationships between A min and the environmental variables. This relationship allows for spatially variable A min values depending on landscape characteristics. Before extracting river networks in Africa, the next step will be to validate or update these relationships in several countries

    Évaluation de la technique de sexage et de foetomĂ©trie par Ă©chographie chez la chĂšvre du sahel

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    Le succĂšs de l’application de l’échographie en production animale est en grande partie liĂ© Ă  sa sensibilitĂ© et sa spĂ©cificitĂ© au diagnostic. Les protocoles de validation de la technique, bien que nombreux n’ont pas encore Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©s aux organes gĂ©nitaux aprĂšs abattage. Cette Ă©tude vise Ă  Ă©valuer la technique pour la dĂ©termination du sexe et la foetomĂ©trie Ă  partir d’utĂ©rus gravides collectĂ©s aprĂšs abattage. Pour cela, les rĂ©sultats Ă©chographiques de dĂ©termination du sexe (n=52) et de mesures de la longueur du dos (n= 44) ont Ă©té comparĂ©s aux observations faites aprĂšs dissection des utĂ©rus. L’évaluation de la technique a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e par le calcul de la valeur prĂ©dictive et de la sensibilitĂ©. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es au moyen du test de corrĂ©lation de Pearson et par rĂ©gression linĂ©aire. Les valeurs prĂ©dictives ont Ă©tĂ© de 69,23% et de 30,76% pour les diagnostics des sexes mĂąle et femelle, respectivement. La sensibilitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© de 75%. L’équation de rĂ©gression a étĂ© de LDO = 1,056LDE - 0,450 (r= 0,936, p = 0,008) (LDO et LDE en millimĂštre). La technique de l’échographie est valide pour la dĂ©termination du sexe et les mesures de longueur de dos chez la chĂšvre sahĂ©lienne.Mots clĂ©s: chĂšvre, Ă©chographie, foetus, sensibilitĂ©, sexe

    PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS FOR THE RELAXANT EFFECT OF THE HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF TAPINANTHUS DODONEIFOLIUS ON RAT TRACHEA

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    The present study was designed to investigate the blocking of calcium by the hydroalcoholic extract of Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (Tapidod), "in vitro", on rat trachea. To evaluate this effect, the contractile activity of tracheal chains from Wistar Kyoto rats was isometrically recorded. On the isolated tracheal rings the extract produced the following effects: (a) a reduction of the contraction obtained by BaCl2, (b) a bronchorelaxing action, on strips precontracted by KCl, which was not influenced by TEA (3x10-3 M), (c) a concentration-dependent decrease of the spasm evoked by calcium chloride (CaCl2) in K+-rich Ca2+-free physiological salt solution, before and after intracellular calcium depletion (d), an inhibitory effect on contraction induced by acetylcholine in Ca2+-free Krebs-Heinseleit solution supplemented with EDTA (5x10-4M). It is concluded that: 1. The activation of the potassium channels does not play a significant role in the relaxant effect of Tapidod. 2. The antispasmodic property of Tapidod seems to be mediated by the blockade of intracellular Ca2+ release. 3. Most likely an inhibition of the intracellular Ca2+-regulating proteins is involved

    Understanding key factors controlling the duration of river flow intermittency: Case of Burkina Faso in West Africa

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    International audienceStudy regionThis study focused mainly on Burkina Faso in West Africa.Study focusThis study aims to identify environmental variables that best explain the geographic variations of the flow intermittency regime, focusing on intermittency duration. Discharge data from 49 gauging stations were considered, mostly over large rivers. The mean number of dry months was used as a predictor to define four classes of flow intermittency, for which the potential explanatory environmental variables were assessed based on correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA).New hydrological insights for the regionThe first two components (PCs) account for 82 % of the total variance with PC1 (52 %), and most of the catchments with similar flow intermittency are ordered according to PC2 (30 %), predominantly related to catchment permeability. Moreover, permeability was highly correlated with(r = - 0.75). Results suggest that catchment permeability and catchment areas are the most critical variables in determining flow intermittency classes in Burkina Faso, as the effect of precipitation can be overruled by the ones of permeability, catchment area, and Strahler order. This study is a first step in understanding the controls of river intermittency in data-scarce and poorly gauged regions of West Africa. The identified variables could be used as input in statistical models to predict and map river intermittency and provide valuable information for stream conservation
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