Traitements ethno-vétérinaires des parasitoses digestives des petits ruminants dans le plateau central du Burkina Faso

La présente étude visait d\'une part, à mieux comprendre les motivations des éleveurs à recourir aux méthodes traditionnelles de soins pour leurs animaux, et d\'autre part, à recenser les remèdes utilisés dans la région du plateau central du Burkina Faso. Elle s\'est déroulée de juin à octobre 2006 en deux étapes : i) une phase de groupe (focus-group screening) avec un formulaire-guide d\'entretien comme support d\'interview semi-structurées (ISS) auprès de 101 éleveurs et ii) une phase individuelle sous la forme d\'enquêtes formelles avec un formulaire administré successivement à 21 tradipraticiens vétérinaires reconnus compétents dans le traitement des parasitoses digestives des petits ruminants par la communauté des éleveurs. Les résultats ont montré que 50.5% des éleveurs utilisaient concomitamment la médecine vétérinaire moderne et celle traditionnelle pour soigner les animaux malades. Les tradipraticiens vétérinaires qui prestent pour ces éleveurs sont âgés en moyenne de 57,6 ans et sont analphabètes. Les remèdes traditionnels proposés pour lutter contre les parasites digestifs des petits ruminants de la région sont essentiellement à base de plantes locales (88,8%) composées de douze (12) espèces appartenant à neuf (9) familles botaniques. Leurs modes de préparation et d\'administration aux animaux sont décrits selon les dires des tradipraticiens enquêtés. Keywords: Pharmacopée vétérinaire; parasites digestifs; petits ruminants; région centrale, Burkina Faso. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences Vol. 1 (3) 2007: pp. 397-30

Applied Radiation and Isotopes Monte Carlo Verification of Output Correction Factors for a TrueBeam STx linac

The recent publication of the new code of practice IEAA/AAPM TRS-483 introduces the use of output correction factors to correct the changes in detector response in relative dosimetry of small photon beams. In TRS-483, average correction factors are reported for several detectors at 6 and 10 MV with and without attening. These correction factors were determined by Monte Carlo simulation or experimental measurements using several linacs of di erent brands and vendors. The goal of this work was to validate the output correction factors reported in TRS-483 for a 6 MV (with and without attening lter) of a TrueBeam STx® linac with Monte Carlo simulation for four radiation detectors employed in the dosimetry of small photon beams and whose output correction factors were determined using di erent radiation source than TrueBeam STx®: PTW®31010, PTW®31016, IBA®CC-01, and IBA®SFD. The results show that Monte Carlo calculated output factors, and those reported in the code of practice TRS-483 fully agree within 1%. The use of generic correction factors for a TrueBeam STx® and the detectors studied in this work is adequate for small dosimetry static beams within the uncertainties of Monte Carlo calculations and output correction factors reported in TRS-483. Key words: TRS-483, Monte Carlo simulation, output correction factors, detector model, Phase Space File, Latent Varianc

Preliminary study on the prevalence of Varroa sp in honeybee colonies in the village of Mondon (Burkina Faso)

In Burkina Faso, beekeeping is practised throughout the country. It has many potentialities, but it faced many constraints. Sanitary constraints are less investigated and need to be elucidate for a better management of bee colonies and improvement of beekeeping. A descriptive study was conducted in Cascades region to assess the prevalence and the density of Varroa mite infestation. The method of sugar shake on adult bees was used. The overall prevalence found was 91.7% [95% CI: 83.8% - 99.5%] and the density varied from 0.3 mite/100 bees to 12.3 mites/100 bees. These results show that the Varroa mite is widespread in bee colonies and its monitoring should be considered for bee health management, which is essential for sustainable beekeeping. Advanced research is needed in a large sample area to further investigate the epidemiological aspects and the potential impact of the mite on honeybee production

La migración como expectativa laboral de la juventud afromexicana de la Costa Chica Oaxaqueña

En México el mestizaje se convirtió en una ideología que imperó en la vida social desde la primera mitad del siglo XX. La idea de que “los mexicanos somos mestizos” (provenientes de una mezcla entre españoles e indígenas) se convirtió en una idea extendida que dejó fuera de foco a todas las poblaciones que no se correspondían en este estereotipo, vulnerando sus derechos de salud, educación y trabajo, y su acceso a bienes y servicios. Las personas afromexicanas, por ejemplo, fueron censadas por primera vez en el año 2020 y se reconocieron constitucionalmente como parte de la diversidad cultural en México en 2019. En este contexto de invisibilización social, las comunidades afromexicanas viven racismo tanto estructural como cotidiano que marca sus dinámicas de vida. Es importante, en este tenor, mostrar cómo las expectativas laborales e incluso escolares, de los jóvenes afromexicanos, se ven marcadas por los racismos, la desigualdad y la racialización, dejando pocas expectativas para su presente y su futuro. El objetivo de este texto es analizar las expectativas laborales y de futuro que crean los jóvenes afromexicanos en contextos de discriminación y pobreza, en donde el racismo estructural los mantiene en una situación de desigualdad y desventaja. Esto con la finalidad de mostrar a los jóvenes como agentes sociales y no como víctimas del racismo sistémico que los confronta

Insecticide-treated curtains reduce the prevalence and intensity of malaria infection in Burkina Faso

A large, randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of insecticide-treated curtains (ITC) on child mortality was conducted in an area of seasonal, holoendemic malaria in Burkina Faso. 158 communities totalling some 90,000 people were censused and grouped into 16 geographical clusters, 8 of which were randomly selected to receive ITC in June-July 1994, just prior to the rainy season. In September-October 1995, at the peak period of malaria transmission, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 84 of the villages. A random sample of 905 children aged 6-59 months was identified and visited. 763 children (84%) were present at the time of the visit and recruited into the study. Mothers were asked about fever in the past 24 h, the child's temperature was taken, and a sample of blood collected to identify and quantify malaria infections and to measure haemoglobin (Hb) levels. Children protected by ITC were less likely to be infected with Plasmodium falciparum (risk ratio = 0.92; 95% CI 0.86, 0.98) or P. malariae (risk ratio = 0.42, 95% CI 0.19, 0.95). The mean intensity of P. falciparum infections was lower among children protected by ITC (899 vs. 1583 trophozoites/microliter; P < 0.001), while the mean Hb level was 0.4 g/dl higher (P < 0.001). While we found no evidence that ITC had an impact on the prevalence of malaria-associated fever episodes, the confidence intervals around our estimates of the impact of ITC on malaria morbidity were wide. We conclude that widespread implementation of ITC in this area of high malaria transmission led to a modest reduction in the prevalence of malaria infection and to a more substantial reduction in the intensity of these infections which caused increased Hb levels. We were unable to demonstrate any impact of ITC on malaria morbidity, but the wide confidence intervals around our point estimates do not preclude the possibility of a substantial impact

Effects of Drought on Mortality in Macro Urban Areas of Brazil Between 2000 and 2019.

A significant fraction of Brazil's population has been exposed to drought in recent years, a situation that is expected to worsen in frequency and intensity due to climate change. This constitutes a current key environmental health concern, especially in densely urban areas such as several big cities and suburbs. For the first time, a comprehensive assessment of the short-term drought effects on weekly non-external, circulatory, and respiratory mortality was conducted in 13 major Brazilian macro-urban areas across 2000-2019. We applied quasi-Poisson regression models adjusted by temperature to explore the association between drought (defined by the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index) and the different mortality causes by location, sex, and age groups. We next conducted multivariate meta-analytical models separated by cause and population groups to pool individual estimates. Impact measures were expressed as the attributable fractions among the exposed population, from the relative risks (RRs). Overall, a positive association between drought exposure and mortality was evidenced in the total population, with RRs varying from 1.003 [95% CI: 0.999-1.007] to 1.010 [0.996-1.025] for non-external mortality related to moderate and extreme drought conditions, from 1.002 [0.997-1.007] to 1.008 [0.991-1.026] for circulatory mortality, and from 1.004 [0.995-1.013] to 1.013 [0.983-1.044] for respiratory mortality. Females, children, and the elderly population were the most affected groups, for whom a robust positive association was found. The study also revealed high heterogeneity between locations. We suggest that policies and action plans should pay special attention to vulnerable populations to promote efficient measures to reduce vulnerability and risks associated with droughts