The role of endowments in the realization of peace and human rights

The purpose of this article is to examine the role of endowments in the realization of peace and human rights. Endowment means that the property of imprisonment and its benefits should be placed in the way of God. The meaning of endowment is the permanent benefit of the endowment against the property of the endowment, and for this reason it has been called endowment, and among the benefits is the transfer of interests in the way of God and social charity. So far, several researches have been done in the field of endowments but, the study of the functions of the endowment and the role of its endowments, especially in the field of peace and human rights, has not received much attention. The basic question that has been raised and examined in this regard is that what role does endowment play in achieving peace and the standards of the third generation of human rights? The present article is a descriptive-analytical and examines the question using the library method. The results of this article indicate that positive peace focuses on health, disease and the fight against disease, poverty, social and economic inequalities, and the realization of social justice and at the same time, the components of the third generation of human rights are trying to realize such things as the right to development, the right to education and the right to occupation that due to its functions, endowment plays an important role in providing the mentioned items. In conclusion, it can be said that endowment is effective in strengthening and promoting positive peace and the components of the third generation of human rights

Re-examining of the transaction with self in the agency

One of the significant subjects that has been intended by the jurists and scientists in jurisprudence and law is transaction with self and duties as well as effects arising from it. The main question in this issue is that " In case of Lack of clause in order to deal with self, does agent has permission to sell the property to herself/himself?" this research, by a descriptive-analytical method, clarify the nature of the transaction with self and prove to be the contract of this type of transaction, and examine the different type of granting representation

The right to the environment in Islam

From the point of view of Islam, as a comprehensive and complete religion, there is a relationship between man and nature. The relationship between man and nature, if he has studied and preserved his existential value and is the trustee of God Almighty, it is a relationship of conquest, which means that all nature is at the disposal of man in order to make reasonable use of it and refrain from wasting and destroying it. Such a right has been identified in the Holy Quran and it has been discussed in various aspects, and environmental principles from the perspective of the beloved Messenger of Islam (PBUH) have a royal quality to the observance of these principles by humans. It is because he is the caliph of God, and the caliph must put the Sunnah and the manners of his successor as his own. It is recommended to use the environment and nature as a divine trust, and man can never have ownership of what he has and consider them his own, and in order to benefit himself as much as possible, he pollutes nature and does any damage to the environment. Therefore, in Islamic sources, such as the Quran, Sunnah, intellect, and numerous jurisprudential rules regarding the right to the environment and nature, we will investigate, research and analyze them in this article so that the rights of future generations are respected

The role of endowments in the realization of peace and human rights

The purpose of this article is to examine the role of endowments in the realization of peace and human rights. Endowment means that the property of imprisonment and its benefits should be placed in the way of God. The meaning of endowment is the permanent benefit of the endowment against the property of the endowment, and for this reason it has been called endowment, and among the benefits is the transfer of interests in the way of God and social charity. So far, several researches have been done in the field of endowments but, the study of the functions of the endowment and the role of its endowments, especially in the field of peace and human rights, has not received much attention. The basic question that has been raised and examined in this regard is that what role does endowment play in achieving peace and the standards of the third generation of human rights? The present article is a descriptive-analytical and examines the question using the library method. The results of this article indicate that positive peace focuses on health, disease and the fight against disease, poverty, social and economic inequalities, and the realization of social justice and at the same time, the components of the third generation of human rights are trying to realize such things as the right to development, the right to education and the right to occupation that due to its functions, endowment plays an important role in providing the mentioned items. In conclusion, it can be said that endowment is effective in strengthening and promoting positive peace and the components of the third generation of human rights.El propósito de este artículo es examinar el papel de las dotaciones en la realización de la paz y los derechos humanos. La investidura significa que la propiedad del encarcelamiento y sus beneficios deben ponerse en el camino de Dios. El significado de la investidura es el beneficio permanente de la investidura contra la propiedad de la investidura, por eso se le ha llamado investidura, y entre los beneficios está la transferencia de intereses en el camino de Dios y la caridad social. Hasta ahora, se han realizado varias investigaciones en el campo de las dotaciones, pero el estudio de las funciones de la dotación y el papel de sus dotaciones, especialmente en el campo de la paz y los derechos humanos, no ha recibido mucha atención. La pregunta básica que se ha planteado y examinado a este respecto es ¿qué papel juega la dotación en el logro de la paz y los estándares de la tercera generación de derechos humanos? El presente artículo es de tipo descriptivo-analítico y examina la cuestión utilizando el método de biblioteca. Los resultados de este artículo indican que la paz positiva se centra en la salud, la enfermedad y la lucha contra la enfermedad, la pobreza, las desigualdades sociales y económicas y la realización de la justicia social y, al mismo tiempo, los componentes de la tercera generación de derechos humanos están tratando para hacer realidad aspectos tales como el derecho al desarrollo, el derecho a la educación y el derecho a la ocupación, que por sus funciones, la dotación juega un papel importante en la provisión de los artículos mencionados. En conclusión, se puede decir que la dotación es eficaz para fortalecer y promover la paz positiva y los componentes de la tercera generación de derechos humanos

مطالعه رویکرد نظام‌های حقوقی ملی در مواجهه با محصولات تراریخته با تأکید بر حقوق ایران

Background and Aim: Many researches have been done regarding the regulations governing transgenic products in international documents, but the explanation of this issue has not been given much attention from the point of view of the domestic laws of countries. In this article, an attempt has been made to investigate the legal system governing genetically modified crops in the national laws of some countries, with an emphasis on the Iranian law. Methods: This article has been done in a descriptive-analytical way using library resources. Ethical Considerations: In this article, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts and trustworthiness in references, have been observed. Results: In the law of countries such as Germany, Canada, America and Australia, codified rules have been established in the field of monitoring and controlling the production of genetically modified crops. Also, the study of Iran's laws and regulations regarding transgenic products shows that the main approach is to produce, import, export and consume transgenic products within the framework of national and international laws and regulations. However, Iran's Biosafety Law, as the most important law regarding these products, has flaws and shortcomings that have caused various interpretations and, as a result, the lack of proper implementation of the law. Conclusion: All countries are facing many challenges in controlling and monitoring transgenic products. The major challenges ahead include things such as advanced laboratory control of shipments of transgenic agricultural and food industries, control of the health of products, especially grains, at the level of consumer markets, monitoring the possible adverse effects of transgenic products in the environment, evaluating transgenic plants produced by researchers in these countries and how to issue licenses in response to requests for the production of transgenic products and monitoring mechanisms for transgenic products. Based on this, more attention and international and national determination in establishing clear and enforceable laws that include prioritizing health and environment and then economic and agricultural growth, for the orderliness and coherence of the rules governing transgenic products are still felt. Please cite this article as: Emad Marvasti F, Pourghassab Amiri A, Behniafar AR, Hossein Jalali. Studying the Approach of National Legal Systems in Dealing with Genetically Modified Crops with an Emphasis on Iran's Legal System. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e34.زمینه و هدف: پیرامون مقررات حاکم بر محصولات تراریخته در اسناد بین‌المللی تحقیق‌های متعددی انجام شده است، اما تبیین این موضوع از منظر حقوق داخلی کشورها چندان مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. لذا، در این مقاله تلاش شد تا به بررسی نظام حقوقی حاکم بر محصولات تراریخته در حقوق ملی برخی کشورها با تأکید بر حقوق ایران پرداخته شود. روش: مقاله حاضر به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای به انجام رسیده است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در این مقاله، جنبه‌های اخلاقی مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای شامل اصالت متون و امانتداری در ارجاعات رعایت شده است. یافته‌ها: در حقوق کشورهایی نظیر آلمان، کانادا، آمریکا و استرالیا قوانین مدونی در زمینه نظارت و کنترل تولید محصولات تراریخته وضع شده است. همچنین بررسی قوانین و مقررات ایران در خصوص محصولات تراریخته نشان می‌دهد که رویکرد اصلی در راستای تولید، واردات، صادرات و مصرف محصولات تراریخته در چارچوب قوانین و مقررات ملی و بین‌المللی است. با این‌ حال، قانون ایمنی ‌زیستی ایران به عنوان مهم‌ترین قانون در خصوص این محصولات، خود دارای ایرادها و کاستی‌هایی است که سبب بروز تفسیرهای مختلف و به تبع آن عدم اجرای صحیح قانون شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: عموم کشورها در کنترل و نظارت بر محصولات تراریخته با چالش‌های متعددی مواجه هستند. چالش‌های عمده پیش رو شامل مواردی از قبیل کنترل آزمایشگاهی پیشرفته محموله‌های محصولات تراریخته کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، کنترل سلامت محصولات خصوصاً غلات در سطح بازارهای مصرف، رصد اثرات نامطلوب احتمالی محصولات تراریخته در محیط زیست، ارزیابی گیاهان تراریخته ای که توسط محققین این کشورها تولید گردیده‌اند و چگونگی صدور مجوز در پاسخ به درخواست‌های تولید محصولات تراریخته و سازوکارهای نظارت بر محصولات تراریخته تولیدی می‌باشند. بر این اساس، توجه بیشتر و عزم بین‌المللی و ملی در وضع قوانین شفاف و اجراییِ متضمن اولویت‌دهی به سلامت و محیط زیست و سپس رشد اقتصادی و کشاورزی، برای انتظام و انسجام قواعد حاکم بر محصولات تراریخته کماکان احساس می‌شود