Tripeptide gut hormone infusion does not alter food preferences or sweet taste function in volunteers with obesity and prediabetes/diabetes but promotes restraint eating: A secondary analysis of a randomized single‐blind placebo‐controlled study

Aims To investigate whether the elevation in postprandial concentrations of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin (OXM) and peptide YY (PYY) accounts for the beneficial changes in food preferences, sweet taste function and eating behaviour after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Materials and methods This was a secondary analysis of a randomized single-blind study in which we infused GLP-1, OXM, PYY (GOP) or 0.9% saline subcutaneously for 4 weeks in 24 subjects with obesity and prediabetes/diabetes, to replicate their peak postprandial concentrations, as measured at 1 month in a matched RYGB cohort (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01945840). A 4-day food diary and validated eating behaviour questionnaires were completed. Sweet taste detection was measured using the method of constant stimuli. Correct sucrose identification (corrected hit rates) was recorded, and sweet taste detection thresholds (EC50s: half maximum effective concencration values) were derived from concentration curves. The intensity and consummatory reward value of sweet taste were assessed using the generalized Labelled Magnitude Scale. Results Mean daily energy intake was reduced by 27% with GOP but no significant changes in food preferences were observed, whereas a reduction in fat and increase in protein intake were seen post-RYGB. There was no change in corrected hit rates or detection thresholds for sucrose detection following GOP infusion. Additionally, GOP did not alter the intensity or consummatory reward value of sweet taste. A significant reduction in restraint eating, comparable to the RYGB group was observed with GOP. Conclusion The elevation in plasma GOP concentrations after RYGB is unlikely to mediate changes in food preferences and sweet taste function after surgery but may promote restraint eating

The metabolomic effects of tripeptide gut hormone infusion compared to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and caloric restriction

Context: The gut-derived peptide hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin (OXM), and peptide YY (PYY) are regulators of energy intake and glucose homeostasis, and are thought to contribute to the glucose-lowering effects of bariatric surgery. Objective: To establish the metabolomic effects of a combined infusion of GLP-1, OXM and PYY (tripeptide “GOP”) in comparison to a placebo infusion, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, and a very low-calorie diet (VLCD). Design and setting: Sub-analysis of a single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study of GOP infusion (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01945840), including VLCD and RYGB comparator groups. Patients and interventions: 25 obese patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes were randomly allocated to receive a 4-week subcutaneous infusion of GOP (n=14) or 0.9% saline control (SAL; n=11). An additional 22 patients followed a VLCD, and 21 underwent RYGB surgery. Main outcome measures: Plasma and urine samples collected at baseline and 4 weeks into each intervention were subjected to cross-platform metabolomic analysis, followed by unsupervised and supervised modelling approaches to identify similarities and differences between the effects of each intervention. Results: Aside from glucose, very few metabolites were affected by GOP, contrasting with major metabolomic changes seen with VLCD and RYGB. Conclusions: Treatment with GOP provides a powerful glucose-lowering effect but does not replicate the broader metabolomic changes seen with VLCD and RYGB. The contribution of these metabolomic changes to the clinical benefits of RYGB remains to be elucidated

The role of gut hormones in mediating the beneficial effects of RYGB on glycaemia and energy balance

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are both on the rise. Bariatric surgery is currently the most efficient treatment for obesity. Early weight-loss-independent improvement in glycaemia and longer-term ‘remission’ of type 2 diabetes are typically observed post-RYGB. The Gut hormones, GLP-1, OXM and PYY (GOP), are augmented post-prandially after RYGB. They are anorectic and have the potential to enhance beta cell function and increase energy expenditure. We hypothesized that the elevation in GOP levels, mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of RYGB. GOP infused subcutaneously at combined doses of 4/4/0.4 pmol/kg/min, successfully, replicated the peak post-prandial circulating levels of the individual hormone post-RYGB. Subsequently, GOP at 4/4/0.4 pmol/kg/min was infused chronically for 28 days in obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes, in a randomised single-blinded placebo-controlled study. Effects of GOP on Energy Intake (EI), Appetite ratings, Energy Expenditure, Anthropometrics and Glycaemia were assessed and compared to the effects of RYGB on similar parameters. Both an acute and chronic GOP infusion led to a significant reduction in EI, comparable to the effect of RYGB. A similar enhancement in satiety and decrease in ‘prospective food intake’ were observed following GOP and RYGB. However, only RYGB volunteers displayed a significant increase in Diet-induced-Thermogenesis. Weight loss was superior following RYGB compared to GOP at a similar time-frame. Nonetheless, a comparable and significant improvement in Fructosamine, HbA1c, Fasting and Post-prandial Glucose, was generated following both interventions at 4 weeks. Enhancement in beta cell function and insulin sensitivity appeared to be important. In summary, the gut hormones - GOP, are the likely candidates mediating 1) the reduction in EI post-RYGB by promoting satiety and contributing to weight loss 2) the improvement in glycaemia, early after surgery, irrespective of weight loss. Other mechanisms appear to be responsible for the increase in EE and the majority of weight loss, post-RYGB.Open Acces

Apunts. Educació física i esports

Resumen tomado del autor. Contiene gráficas y tablas de datos y resultadosSe realiza un estudio del ritmo con la finalidad de validar una batería de pruebas de ritmo. Esta batería se ha aplicado a tres muestras que presentan diferentes tipos y niveles de experiencia respecto de la capacidad rítmica. Grupo 1: nula o escasa experiencia; grupo 2: profesores de música; grupo 3: gimnastas de gimnasia rítmica. Como conclusiones más destacables del estudio se expone que, en primer lugar, el 'tempo' de las pruebas condiciona el ajuste temporal. En segundo lugar, se constata que existen diferencias significativas entre el Grupo 2 -músicos- y el resto de los grupos en algunas pruebas rápidas (estructuras ternaria y cuaternaria), lentas (estructuras ternaria y cuaternaria) y muy lentas (todas las estructuras). En tercer lugar, se destaca que las pruebas de estructura simple presentan mejores resultados que las de estructura ternaria y éstas mejores resultados que las de estructura cuaternaria.CataluñaUniversitat de les Illes Balears. Redined Balears; Edifici Guillem Cifre de Colonya. Ctra. de Valldemossa, Km 7,5; 07122 Palma; +34971172792; +34971173190; [email protected]