DISEÑO Y VALIDACIÓN DE UN INSTRUMENTO SOBRE EVALUACIÓN DE LA GEOGRAFÍA Y LA HISTORIA EN EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA

El presente artículo es el resultado de un proyecto de investigación denominado «Criterios, procedimientos e instrumentos de evaluación de los contenidos de Geografía e Historia en el segundo ciclo de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria». En el proyecto participan profesores universitarios junto con un grupo de docentes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de diferentes institutos. Uno de los objetivos de la investigación es conocer las concepciones que del proceso de evaluación tienen los profesores de Geografía e Historia de segundo ciclo de ESO en varios centros de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia. Para ello se puso en marcha un complejo proceso de elaboración de un cuestionario en el que se recogía las opiniones de los docentes sobre evaluación. El resultado final ha sido un instrumento que nos va a permitir obtener la información deseada y conocer aquello que verdaderamente queremos conocer. Saber qué, cómo y cuándo evalúa el profesorado para de esta manera acercarnos a la realidad de las aulas y proponer mejoras en el proceso de evaluación escolarThe present article is the result of a research project called «Criteria, procedures and instruments of evaluation of the contents of Geography and History in the second cycle of Compulsory Secondary Education». The project involves teachers of the University with a group of Secondary school teachers of different institutes. One of the objectives of the investigation is to know the conceptions that teachers of Geography and History of Second cycle of ESO in several high schools have about the evaluation process. For this aim, a complex process of development of a questionnaire was implemented in order to collect the opinions of teachers on evaluation. The final result has been an instrument that will allow us to gather the desired information and know what we really want to know: what is assessed and how and when the assessment is carried out, in order to approach the reality of the classrooms and propose improvements in the process of school evaluation

Cómo evalúa el profesorado de Geografía e Historia de Enseñanza Secundaria

The purpose of this article is to analyse the assessment procedures and instruments used by teachers of Geography and History of Compulsory Secondary School (ESO) in the Region of Murcia (Spain). The data have been extracted implementing a survey technique proceeded by a descriptive analysis. The results show that teachers generally have a traditional conception of assessment, reflected in the fact that they think that assessment should not change when teaching strategies are changed or when they innovate. On the other hand, although they consider that is necessary to employ a variety of instruments to assess well and to prevent school failure, they still use exams as the most objective and essential instrument in the assessment, while they don’t apply continuous assessment, only tests in a continuous way. The implementation of similar research in other areas or in other subjects shows the existence of contrasts in teacher assessment practices.La finalidad de este artículo es analizar los procedimientos e instrumentos de evaluación que emplea el profesorado de Geografía e Historia de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) de la Región de Murcia. Los datos han sido extraídos mediante técnica de encuesta, tras un análisis descriptivo. Los resultados indican que en los docentes, en general, predomina una concepción tradicional de la evaluación, traducida en el hecho de que estos piensan que no deben cambiar su evaluación al cambiar su práctica docente o al innovar. Por otro lado, aunque consideran que es necesario emplear gran variedad de instrumentos para evaluar bien y para evitar el fracaso escolar, siguen empleando mayoritariamente el examen como el instrumento más objetivo e imprescindible en la evaluación, tanto que no llega a practicarse la evaluación continua, sino continuos exámenes. La puesta en marcha de investigaciones similares en otros territorios o en otras materias del currículo mostraría la existencia o no de contrastes en las prácticas de evaluación del profesorado

How teachers of Geography and History of Secondary Education assess?

The purpose of this article is to analyse the assessment procedures and instruments used by teachers of Geography and History of Compulsory Secondary School (ESO) in the Region of Murcia (Spain). The data have been extracted implementing a survey technique proceeded by a descriptive analysis. The results show that teachers generally have a traditional conception of assessment, reflected in the fact that they think that assessment should not change when teaching strategies are changed or when they innovate. On the other hand, although they consider that is necessary to employ a variety of instruments to assess well and to prevent school failure, they still use exams as the most objective and essential instrument in the assessment, while they don’t apply continuous assessment, only tests in a continuous way. The implementation of similar research in other areas or in other subjects shows the existence of contrasts in teacher assessment practices.</p

Diferentes agrupamientos en las escuelas rurales: implicaciones para una práctica educativa inclusiva

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado trata de una investigación que parte de una serie de bases conceptuales como son la “Escuela Rural”, la “Educación Inclusiva” y los “Agrupamientos”. A partir de dichos conceptos y el análisis de la literatura sobre el tema, se lleva a cabo una investigación a través de diferentes estudios sobre agrupamientos y formación y expectativas docentes de los mismos. El propósito principal es explorar el funcionamiento de una escuela rural a partir de los agrupamientos tan heterogéneos que supone la misma, así como conocer la formación y opinión docente de los mismos. Los objetivos son identificar los agrupamientos existentes en una escuela rural, así como sus consecuencias en la práctica docente y conocer la formación docente recibida de los mismos, así como las opiniones del profesorado sobre dichos agrupamientos. El estudio se lleva a cabo a partir de entrevistas y observaciones realizadas en dos escuelas rurales distintas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón. Los resultados obtenidos están relacionados con el aprendizaje tan enriquecedor que supone la heterogeneidad, el gran esfuerzo pedagógico que se realiza como consecuencia de dicha heterogeneidad y la formación docente de dichos agrupamientos basada en la experiencia y en cursos formativos. Dichos resultados son validados por las opiniones analizadas en las entrevistas, así como las observaciones realizadas.<br /

Sources of conflict and prevention proposals in user violence toward primary care staff: a qualitative study of the perception of professionals

BACKGROUND: Some studies indicate that at least one in four cases of workplace violence occurs in the health sector, with a higher incidence in Emergency Departments, Mental Health Services or Primary Care. Unlike other professional groups, healthcare workers perceive this type of behavior mainly from users or patients. This is the reason why both the detection of conflict between users and professionals and the ways to face and reduce these conflicts has been and is one of the main fields of study in this population. The aim of this study was to delve into the sources of conflict between users and professionals in Primary Care from the perspective of the professionals themselves. In addition, the aim was to explore the proposals for intervention/prevention of this conflict that the professionals perceived as necessary to improve the work environment. METHODS: This study uses qualitative methodology conducting 8 focus groups with professionals related to Primary Health Care. The final sample was composed of 44 workers who were part of the regional management, labor unions, area coordinators, center coordinators and representatives of the professional groups of these centers (medicine, nursing and administration). Thematic analysis was used to extract topics and subtopics. RESULTS: The results are divided into areas of conflict and intervention proposals. The professionals detect a lack of training or education in themselves, absence of functional multidisciplinary teams or competencies to improve the patient-professional relationship, among others. To address these shortcomings, they propose the creation of protocols for action in the face of aggression, the formation of spaces and channels of communication both among the center's own workers and between them and other organizations (e.g., hospitals), fostering a positive relationship with the user community and ongoing training in various topics such as self-safety, management of emotions, empathy or interpersonal communication. CONCLUSIONS: This study allows to highlight specific areas of user-professional conflict in Primary Care. Furthermore, the inclusion of intervention proposals by the professionals allows to propose starting points for the development of complete plans

Sources of conflict and prevention proposals in user violence toward primary care staff: a qualitative study of the perception of professionals

Some studies indicate that at least one in four cases of workplace violence occurs in the health sector, with a higher incidence in Emergency Departments, Mental Health Services or Primary Care. Unlike other professional groups, healthcare workers perceive this type of behavior mainly from users or patients. This is the reason why both the detection of conflict between users and professionals and the ways to face and reduce these conflicts has been and is one of the main fields of study in this population. The aim of this study was to delve into the sources of conflict between users and professionals in Primary Care from the perspective of the professionals themselves. In addition, the aim was to explore the proposals for intervention/prevention of this conflict that the professionals perceived as necessary to improve the work environment. MethodsThis study uses qualitative methodology conducting 8 focus groups with professionals related to Primary Health Care. The final sample was composed of 44 workers who were part of the regional management, labor unions, area coordinators, center coordinators and representatives of the professional groups of these centers (medicine, nursing and administration). Thematic analysis was used to extract topics and subtopics. ResultsThe results are divided into areas of conflict and intervention proposals. The professionals detect a lack of training or education in themselves, absence of functional multidisciplinary teams or competencies to improve the patient-professional relationship, among others. To address these shortcomings, they propose the creation of protocols for action in the face of aggression, the formation of spaces and channels of communication both among the center''s own workers and between them and other organizations (e.g., hospitals), fostering a positive relationship with the user community and ongoing training in various topics such as self-safety, management of emotions, empathy or interpersonal communication. ConclusionsThis study allows to highlight specific areas of user-professional conflict in Primary Care. Furthermore, the inclusion of intervention proposals by the professionals allows to propose starting points for the development of complete plans

Effectiveness of Rituximab in Severe Wegener’s Granulomatosis: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

We hereby describe the satisfactory evolution of rituximab treatment in two patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG). Rituximab was indicated for refractoriness to standard treatment in one case and life-threatening myelotoxicity due to alkylating agents in the other. A brief review of previous experience with the use of rituximab in the treatment of WG is presented

The ALHAMBRA survey: Estimation of the clustering signal encoded in the cosmic variance

[Aims]: The relative cosmic variance (σv) is a fundamental source of uncertainty in pencil-beam surveys and, as a particular case of count-in-cell statistics, can be used to estimate the bias between galaxies and their underlying dark-matter distribution. Our goal is to test the significance of the clustering information encoded in the σv measured in the ALHAMBRA survey. [Methods]: We measure the cosmic variance of several galaxy populations selected with B-band luminosity at 0.35 ≤ z< 1.05 as the intrinsic dispersion in the number density distribution derived from the 48 ALHAMBRA subfields. We compare the observational σv with the cosmic variance of the dark matter expected from the theory, σv,dm. This provides an estimation of the galaxy bias b. [Results]: The galaxy bias from the cosmic variance is in excellent agreement with the bias estimated by two-point correlation function analysis in ALHAMBRA. This holds for different redshift bins, for red and blue subsamples, and for several B-band luminosity selections. We find that b increases with the B-band luminosity and the redshift, as expected from previous work. Moreover, red galaxies have a larger bias than blue galaxies, with a relative bias of brel = 1.4 ± 0.2. [Conclusions]: Our results demonstrate that the cosmic variance measured in ALHAMBRA is due to the clustering of galaxies and can be used to characterise the σv affecting pencil-beam surveys. In addition, it can also be used to estimate the galaxy bias b from a method independent of correlation functions.This work has been mainly funded by the FITE (Fondos de Inversiones de Teruel) and the projects AYA2012-30789, AYA2006-14056, and CSD2007-00060. We also acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds through grants AYA2010-15081, AYA2010-15169, AYA2010-22111-C03-01, AYA2010-22111-C03-02, AYA2011-29517-C03-01, AYA2012-39620, AYA2013-40611-P, AYA2013-42227-P, AYA2013-43188-P, AYA2013-48623-C2-1, AYA2013-48623-C2-2, ESP2013-48274, AYA2014-58861-C3-1, Aragon Government Research Group E103, Generalitat Valenciana projects Prometeo 2009/064 and PROMETEOII/2014/060, Junta de Andalucia grants TIC114, JA2828, P10-FQM-6444, and Generalitat de Catalunya project SGR-1398. A.J.C. and C.H.-M. are Ramon y Cajal fellows of the Spanish government. A. M. acknowledges the financial support of the Brazilian funding agency FAPESP (Post-doc fellowship - process number 2014/11806-9). M.P. acknowledges financial support from JAE-Doc program of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), co-funded by the European Social Fund.Peer Reviewe

Diverse Large HIV-1 Non-subtype B Clusters Are Spreading Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Spain

In Western Europe, the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is dominated by subtype B. However, recently, other genetic forms have been reported to circulate in this population, as evidenced by their grouping in clusters predominantly comprising European individuals. Here we describe four large HIV-1 non-subtype B clusters spreading among MSM in Spain. Samples were collected in 9 regions. A pol fragment was amplified from plasma RNA or blood-extracted DNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood, including database sequences of the same genetic forms as the identified clusters. Times and locations of the most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of clusters were estimated with a Bayesian method. Five large non-subtype B clusters associated with MSM were identified. The largest one, of F1 subtype, was reported previously. The other four were of CRF02_AG (CRF02_1; n = 115) and subtypes A1 (A1_1; n = 66), F1 (F1_3; n = 36), and C (C_7; n = 17). Most individuals belonging to them had been diagnosed of HIV-1 infection in the last 10 years. Each cluster comprised viruses from 3 to 8 Spanish regions and also comprised or was related to viruses from other countries: CRF02_1 comprised a Japanese subcluster and viruses from 8 other countries from Western Europe, Asia, and South America; A1_1 comprised viruses from Portugal, United Kingom, and United States, and was related to the A1 strain circulating in Greece, Albania and Cyprus; F1_3 was related to viruses from Romania; and C_7 comprised viruses from Portugal and was related to a virus from Mozambique. A subcluster within CRF02_1 was associated with heterosexual transmission. Near full-length genomes of each cluster were of uniform genetic form. Times of MRCAs of CRF02_1, A1_1, F1_3, and C_7 were estimated around 1986, 1989, 2013, and 1983, respectively. MRCA locations for CRF02_1 and A1_1 were uncertain (however initial expansions in Spain in Madrid and Vigo, respectively, were estimated) and were most probable in Bilbao, Spain, for F1_3 and Portugal for C_7. These results show that the HIV-1 epidemic among MSM in Spain is becoming increasingly diverse through the expansion of diverse non-subtype B clusters, comprising or related to viruses circulating in other countries