892 research outputs found
O znaÄenju i nekim kontekstima termina âautonomijaâ. Konceptualno istraĆŸivanje
The paper aims to analyse conceptually the meaning of the term âautonomyâ and to examine critically its relations with other ethical norms. The question posed is whether autonomy is a right, or an ability, or a capacity, or an achievement, and whether it ought to be distinguished from self-determination. It is shown that autonomy is an anthropological principle, and that self-determination as its manifestation is a human right. As to its relation with other ethical norms, it is shown that there are possible conflicts between a patientâs and his doctorâs autonomies, as well as between autonomy and the duty to protect life, and between autonomy and care, so that trust plays an important role. The author concludes that man is autonomous not if and only if he is able to determine himself, but rather that he has the right to determine himself because he is autonomous. This holds for everybody from their beginning to their end, irrespective of what they are able to do and the situation they may be in. Since every human being is autonomous, autonomy entails self-limitation, and so it does not mean independence, but interdependence. As to trust, autonomy is to be acknowledged, while trust is to be practiced, since autonomy is of people, while trust is in people.Cet article tente dâanalyser de maniĂšre conceptuelle la signification du terme dâautonomie et de questionner ses rapports avec dâautres normes Ă©thiques. La question est de savoir si lâautonomie est un droit, une facultĂ© ou une possibilitĂ©, et sâil faut la diffĂ©rencier de lâautodĂ©termination. Il est montrĂ© que lâautonomie est un principe anthropologique et que lâautodĂ©termination, qui en est sa manifestation, est un droit humain. En ce qui concerne ses rapports avec dâautres normes Ă©thiques, il est montrĂ© que dâautres conflits sont possibles, des conflits entre lâautonomie du patient et lâautonomie du mĂ©decin, entre lâautonomie et les devoirs de protection de la vie, mais aussi entre lâautonomie et les soins. Ainsi, un rĂŽle important revient Ă la confiance. Lâauteur conclut que lâhomme nâest pas autonome, si et seulement si, il est capable dâautodĂ©termination, mais câest bien parce quâil a un droit Ă lâautodĂ©termination quâil est autonome. Cela vaut pour chacun depuis ses dĂ©buts jusquâĂ ses fins, indĂ©pendamment de ce dont il est capable
de faire et de la situation dans laquelle il peut se trouver. Ătant donnĂ© que chaque ĂȘtre humain est autonome, lâautonomie entraĂźne Ă ses cĂŽtĂ©s lâautolimitation, de telle maniĂšre quâil ne sâagit pas dâindĂ©pendance mais dâinterdĂ©pendance. En ce qui concerne la confiance, lâautonomie doit ĂȘtre reconnue, et la confiance doit ĂȘtre pratiquĂ©e, car ce dont il sâagit câest dâautonomie des personnes, et câest bien en la personne que lâon a confiance.Der Beitrag gilt einer Analyse der Bedeutung des Terminus âAutonomieâ sowie einer kritischen PrĂŒfung seiner Beziehungen zu anderen ethischen Normen. Zu klĂ€ren ist, ob Autonomie ein Recht, eine FĂ€higkeit, ein Vermögen oder eine Errungenschaft darstellt und ob man zwischen Autonomie und Selbstbestimmung unterscheiden muss. Es wird gezeigt, dass Autonomie ein anthropologisches Prinzip ist und Selbstbestimmung als Manifestation von Autonomie ein menschliches Recht. Was die Beziehungen zu anderen ethischen Normen angeht, so zeigen sich mögliche ethische Konflikte zwischen Patienten- und Arztautonomie, zwischen Autonomie und der Pflicht
zum Lebensschutz und zwischen Autonomie und FĂŒrsorge, was der Norm des Vertrauens eine wichtige Rolle zuweist. Der Autor gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Mensch nicht deswegen noch dann autonom ist, wenn er sich selbst zu bestimmen in der Lage ist, sondern dass er das Recht zur Selbstbestimmung besitzt, weil er autonom ist. Dies gilt fĂŒr jedermann, unabhĂ€ngig von seinem Können oder seiner Lebenssituation, vom Anfang bis zum Ende seines Lebens. Da jedes menschliche Wesen in diesem Sinne autonom ist, impliziert Autonomie Selbstbegrenzung und somit nicht UnabhĂ€ngigkeit, sondern Interdependenz. Was die Norm des Vertrauens angeht, so muss Autonomie anerkannt, Vertrauen hingegen praktiziert werden. Denn: Autonomie gehört untrennbar zum Menschen, Vertrauen gilt dem Menschen.Älanak nastoji konceptualno analizirati znaÄenje termina âautonomijaâ i kritiÄki ispitati njegove odnose s drugim etiÄkim normama. Postavlja se pitanje je li autonomija pravo ili sposobnost ili moguÄnost te da li bi ju trebalo razlikovati od samoodreÄenja. Pokazuje se da je autonomija antropoloĆĄki princip te da je samoodreÄenje kao njezina manifestacija ljudsko pravo. Ć to se tiÄe njezina odnosa s drugim etiÄkim normama, pokazuje se da su moguÄi sukobi izmeÄu autonomije pacijenta i autonomije lijeÄnika, kao i izmeÄu autonomije i duĆŸnosti zaĆĄtite ĆŸivota te izmeÄu autonomije i skrbi, tako da vaĆŸnu ulogu igra povjerenje. Autor zakljuÄuje da Äovjek nije autonoman
ako i samo ako je sposoban za samoodreÄenje nego da ima pravo na samoodreÄenje zato ĆĄto je autonoman. To vaĆŸi za svakoga od njegova poÄetka do njegova kraja, bez obzira na to ĆĄto je sposoban uÄiniti i situaciju u kojoj se moĆŸe naÄi. BuduÄi da je svako ljudsko biÄe autonomno, autonomija za sobom povlaÄi samoograniÄavanje, tako da ne znaÄi nezavisnost, nego meÄuzavisnost. Ć to se tiÄe povjerenja, autonomiju treba priznavati, a povjerenje treba prakticirati zato ĆĄto se radi o autonomiji ljudi, a povjerenje se ima u ljude
Increasing robustness of pairwise methods for effective connectivity in Magnetic Resonance Imaging by using fractional moment series of BOLD signal distributions
Estimating causal interactions in the brain from functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) data remains a challenging task. Multiple studies have
demonstrated that all current approaches to determine direction of connectivity
perform poorly even when applied to synthetic fMRI datasets. Recent advances in
this field include methods for pairwise inference, which involve creating a
sparse connectome in the first step, and then using a classifier in order to
determine the directionality of connection between of every pair of nodes in
the second step. In this work, we introduce an advance to the second step of
this procedure, by building a classifier based on fractional moments of the
BOLD distribution combined into cumulants. The classifier is trained on
datasets generated under the Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) generative model.
The directionality is inferred based upon statistical dependencies between the
two node time series, e.g. assigning a causal link from time series of low
variance to time series of high variance. Our approach outperforms or performs
as well as other methods for effective connectivity when applied to the
benchmark datasets. Crucially, it is also more resilient to confounding effects
such as differential noise level across different areas of the connectome.Comment: 41 pages, 12 figure
Die onderwysmanifes oor waardes en demokrasie in die onderwys: 'n fundering of flirtasie met waardes?
The Manifesto on Values and Democracy in Education was released as a document for debate and discussion, but was soon seen by political decision-makers as a document on which education policy could be based. The point of departure of this article is that any document dealing with values, which must serve as a basis for the development of educational policy, should at least provide a clear outline of what values are, be grounded in education philosophy, and clearly reflect the relationship between values and education. A manifesto of this nature should therefore indicate its world view, its anthropological view of the child, the role and function that education should play, the content to be included, a demarcation of what teaching and learning entails and a clear indication of where education should take place. According to our analysis very few of these aspects are covered and at best it could be assumed from the document that the authors lean more towards a sociological orientation to education. It is also inferred that the authors seem to be more inclined towards an eclectic view of values and education resulting in a number of tensions and contradictions emerging in the document. To illustrate the point, two of these theory/praxis problems are discussed.
South African Journal of Education Vol.24(1) 2004: 55-6
Heilungsverlauf von Patienten mit akuter peripherer Fazialisparalyse unter OberflĂ€chenelektrostimulation: eine klinische Beobachtungstudie zum Vergleich von subjektiven Klassifikationen des Schweregrads gegenĂŒber einer automatischen euklidischen Bildanalyse
Die periphere Fazialisparese gilt als hĂ€ufigste HirnnervenlĂ€sion des Menschen. Folgen der Erkrankung sind eine SchwĂ€chung bis vollstĂ€ndige LĂ€hmung der ipsilateralen Gesichtsmuskulatur. Der Schweregrad der LĂ€hmung wird im klinischen Alltag meist durch den behandelnden Arzt mit Hilfe von Bewertungsschemata subjektiv eingeschĂ€tzt. Nachteilig wirkt sich jedoch deren SubjektivitĂ€t bzw. UntersucherabhĂ€ngigkeit aus, weshalb viele Arbeitsgruppen an der Entwicklung von objektiven Quantifizierungs-Verfahren arbeiten. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurden Foto-Serien von fĂŒnf Patienten ausgewĂ€hlt, die initial eine akute periphere Fazialisparalyse aufwiesen und alle vier Wochen fotografiert wurden. WĂ€hrend des Zeitraums der Studie von circa einem Jahr verwendeten die Patienten ein ElektrostimulationsgerĂ€t zur tĂ€glichen zuhause vorgenommenen Elektrostimulation. Die Fotos der Patienten wurden von drei unabhĂ€ngigen Experten subjektiv bewertet. Als Grundlage dienten Farb-2D-Fotoserien der Patienten von jeweils 12 verschiedenen Gesichtsbewegungen pro Zeitpunkt. AnschlieĂend wurde eine euklidische Analyse der Gesichtsareale dieser Fotos durchgefĂŒhrt. Dabei stellte sich die zentrale Frage, inwiefern sich eine expertenbasierte Bewertung mit Hilfe der eFACE gegenĂŒber einer euklidischen Analyse durch Emotrics unterscheidet. Gleichzeitig wurde der Effekt einer Elektrostimulation bewertet. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die expertenbasierte Analyse mittels des SFGS und der eFACE zu statistisch nachweisbaren Ergebnissen fĂŒhrt wie die euklidische Analyse durch Emotrics. Allerdings wurden minimale VerĂ€nderungen, denen teilweise groĂer Stellungswert in der Interpretation des Therapieverlaufes zugesprochen werden kann, mittels der subjektiven Grading Systeme unzureichend erfasst. Die Elektrostimulation fĂŒhrte zu einer messbaren Verbesserung der mimischen Funktion und damit Aufrechterhaltung des Muskeltonus
Deutschland diskutiert am strategischen Nutzen der Raketenabwehr vorbei
"Die deutsche Debatte um das von den USA geplante Raketenabwehrsystem leidet unter drei Faktoren, die eine nĂŒchterne Analyse der Situation erschweren: AuĂenpolitische PlĂ€ne der USA stehen seit dem Irak-Krieg unter Generalverdacht, Moskaus Interessen wird ĂŒberproportional viel RĂŒcksichtnahme gewĂ€hrt und die iranische Bedrohung wird heruntergespielt. Dadurch verschlieĂt sich fĂŒr die meisten Beobachter der eigentliche strategische Wert des Raketenabwehrsystems: Es bietet eine Versicherungsoption gegenĂŒber dem Iran fĂŒr den Fall, dass die diplomatischen
BemĂŒhungen scheitern, Teheran von seinen NuklearwaffenplĂ€nen abzuhalten." (Autorenreferat
The Role of ICG in Robot-Assisted Liver Resections
Introduction: Robotic-assisted liver surgery (RALS) with its known limitations is gaining more importance. The fluorescent dye, indocyanine green (ICG), is a way to overcome some of these limitations. It accumulates in or around hepatic masses. The integrated near-infrared cameras help to visualize this accumulation. We aimed to compare the influence of ICG staining on the surgical and oncological outcomes in patients undergoing RALS. Material and Methods: Patients who underwent RALS between 2014 and 2021 at the Department of General Surgery at the University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, were included. In 2019, ICG-supported RALS was introduced. Results: Fifty-four patients were included, with twenty-eight patients (50.9%) receiving preoperative ICG. Hepatocellular carcinoma (32.1%) was the main entity resected, followed by the metastasis of colorectal cancers (17%) and focal nodular hyperplasia (15.1%). ICG staining worked for different tumor entities, but diffuse staining was noted in patients with liver cirrhosis. However, ICG-supported RALS lasted shorter (142.7 ± 61.8 min vs. 246.4 ± 98.6 min, p < 0.001), tumors resected in the ICG cohort were significantly smaller (27.1 ± 25.0 mm vs. 47.6 ± 35.2 mm, p = 0.021) and more R0 resections were achieved by ICG-supported RALS (96.3% vs. 80.8%, p = 0.075). Conclusions: ICG-supported RALS achieve surgically and oncologically safe results, while overcoming the limitations of RALS
SFB/Transregio 280 zu Konstruktionsstrategien fĂŒr Carbonbeton
Ein Blick in die Baugeschichte zeigt, dass sich in AbhĂ€ngigkeit der vorhandenen Baumaterialien jeweils typische, sinnvolle Konstruktionsformen herausgebildet haben. Bereits vor mehr als 10.000 Jahren errichtete man GebĂ€ude aus Ziegelmauerwerk [1]. Im antiken Rom erlebte der opus caementitium seine Glanzzeit [2]. Beide Materialien sind sehr druck-, aber wenig zugfest. Folglich findet man hauptsĂ€chlich druckbeanspruchte Strukturen wie WĂ€nde oder Kuppeln, fĂŒr Decken wurde beispielsweise Holz genutzt. FĂŒr NaturbrĂŒcken aus zugfesten Pflanzenmaterialien hingegen sind HĂ€ngekonstruktionen prĂ€destiniert. Mit Stahl und bewehrtem Beton können auch biegebeanspruchte Konstruktionen realisiert werden. Allerdings nimmt man hierbei in der Regel in vielen Tragwerksbereichen eine mangelhafte Materialausnutzung in Kauf. [Aus: Intention]A look at the construction history shows that typical, sensible forms of construction have developed depending on the building materials available. More than 10,000 years ago, buildings were already made of brickwork [1]. In ancient Rome, the opus caementitium experienced its heyday [2]. Both materials were very resistant to pressure, but had little tensile strength. Consequently, one mainly finds structures subject to compressive stress such as walls or cupolas; for ceilings, for example, wood was used. For natural bridges made of tension-resistant plant materials, on the other hand, suspended structures are predestined. With steel and reinforced concrete, structural elements subject to bending stress can also be realised. However, in many areas of such structures, insufficient utilisation of the material is accepted. [Off: Intention
Force measurement at the insertion process of cochlear implant electrodes
Several research groups have reported studies on the insertion force measurement at different cochlear implant electrodes. So far, all experimental setups to measure the forces applied to the electrode outside the cochlea (inner ear), ie have measured externally. Our aim was to integrate the sensors into an automatically operating instrument insertion, so that the forces can be measured, which act directly on the electrode, ie an internal force measurement
Human teneurin-1 is a direct target of the homeobox transcription factor EMX2 at a novel alternate promoter
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Teneurin-1 is a member of a family of type II transmembrane proteins conserved from <it>C.elegans </it>to vertebrates. Teneurin expression in vertebrates is best studied in mouse and chicken, where the four members teneurin-1 to -4 are predominantly expressed in the developing nervous system in area specific patterns. Based on their distinct, complementary expression a possible function in the establishment of proper connectivity in the brain was postulated. However, the transcription factors contributing to these distinctive expression patterns are largely unknown. Emx2 is a homeobox transcription factor, known to be important for area specification in the developing cortex. A study of Emx2 knock-out mice suggested a role of Emx2 in regulating patterned teneurin expression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>5'RACE of human teneurin-1 revealed new alternative untranslated exons that are conserved in mouse and chicken. Closer analysis of the conserved region around the newly identified transcription start revealed promoter activity that was induced by EMX2. Mutation of a predicted homeobox binding site decreased the promoter activity in different reporter assays <it>in vitro </it>and <it>in vivo </it>in electroporated chick embryos. We show direct <it>in vivo </it>binding of EMX2 to the newly identified promoter element and finally confirm that the endogenous alternate transcript is specifically upregulated by EMX2.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We found that human teneurin-1 is directly regulated by EMX2 at a newly identified and conserved promoter region upstream of the published transcription start site, establishing teneurin-1 as the first human EMX2 target gene. We identify and characterize the EMX2 dependent promoter element of human teneurin-1.</p
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