Do Undergraduate Majors or Ph.D. Students Affect Faculty Size?

Regression analysis using panel data for 42 colleges and universities over 14 years suggests that the economics faculty size of universities offering a Ph.D. in economics is determined primarily by the long-run average number of Ph.D. degrees awarded annually; the number of full-time faculty increases at almost a one-for-one pace as the average number of Ph.D.s grows. Faculty size at Ph.D. granting universities is largely unresponsive to changes in the contemporaneous number of undergraduate economics degrees awarded at those institutions. Similarly, faculty size at colleges where a bachelor’s is the highest degree awarded is responsive to the long and short term average number of economics degrees awarded but not the annual changes in BS and BA degrees awarded in economics.faculty size, student body, Ph.D. degrees, bachelor degrees

Does Teaching Load Affect Faculty Size?

Random effects estimates using panel data for 42 colleges and universities over 16 years reveal that the economics faculty size of universities offering a Ph.D. in economics is determined primarily by the long-run average number of Ph.D. degrees awarded annually; the number of full-time faculty increases at almost a one-for-one pace as the average number of Ph.D.s grows. Faculty size at Ph.D. granting universities is largely unresponsive to changes in the number of undergraduate economics degrees awarded at those institutions. In contrast, faculty size at colleges where a bachelor's is the highest degree awarded is responsive to the average number of economics degrees awarded annually, growing by about one for each additional eleven graduating economics majors.student body, faculty size, Ph.D. degrees, bachelor degrees

Influence of Alcoholic Extract of Horse Kidney on Eimeria tenella Infection in Chicks

Forssman hapten is a term applied to a complex antigenic substance which, when injected into rabbits, elicits the production of a serum antibody that is capable of hemolyzing sheep erythrocytes in the presence of complement. The organs of the guinea pig served as the source of the antigen in Forssman\u27s original experiments, but it is known to occur in a considerable number of other living organisms. The kidney of the horse is a particularly good source of true forssman hapten (Brunius, 1936). It has been shown that alcoholic extract of horse kidney, made according to the method which Brunius found satisfactory for obtaining the source material of the Forssman hapten, is capable of potentiating agglutination of duck erythrocytes by chicken plasma (Becker and Schwink, 1953). The destruction of duck erythrocytes labeled with Plasmodium lophurae in the blood stream of chicks, however, was not significantly accelerated by intravenous injections of the same horse kidney extract. Though the reason for the negative outcome was not known, one possibility was considered to be stronger affinity of the fixed tissues for the extract than of the blood plasma. Since the coccidium Eimeria tenella undergoes the greater part of its asexual and sexual development in the mucosa of the caeca of chickens, tests were made of the effect of injections of horse kidney extract on the development of this parasite

Deontic justice and organizational neuroscience

According to deontic justice theory, individuals often feel principled moral obligations to uphold norms of justice. That is, standards of justice can be valued for their own sake, even apart from serving self-interested goals. While a growing body of evidence in business ethics supports the notion of deontic justice, skepticism remains. This hesitation results, at least in part, from the absence of a coherent framework for explaining how individuals produce and experience deontic justice. To address this need, we argue that a compelling, yet still missing, step is to gain further understanding into the underlying neural and psychological mechanisms of deontic justice. Here, we advance a theoretical model that disentangles three key processes of deontic justice: The use of justice rules to assess events, cognitive empathy, and affective empathy. Together with reviewing neural systems supporting these processes, broader implications of our model for business ethics scholarship are discussed

Initial Results of the Software-Driven Navigation for Station Experiment

To enable the next generation of robotic and human exploration of the solar system, improvements are needed to enable robust and accurate autonomous navigation. The purpose of this work is to take advantage of the growth in and use of software-defined platforms to incorporate additional navigation capability on existing assets, while also incorporating with new vehicle designs. The Software-driven Navigation for Station Experiment focuses on implementing two soft solutions to this: transmitting pseudolite signals to perform ranging and Doppler measurements as part of the signal coding (similar to underlying Global Navigation Satellite System approaches), and the Multi-spacecraft Autonomous Positioning System, which uses existing communication protocols to embed navigation and timing information to be shared among all assets in a peer-to-peer network. These technologies were implemented on the SCaN Testbed onboard the International Space Station and exercised over the course of mid-June and late-July 2018. This paper will discuss the operational architecture, experiment plan, and initial results from the data collected. One of the key conclusions of this work is the strong need for stable accurate clock synchronization across the dispersed space network

Constraints on the Universal CIV Mass Density at z~6 from Early IR Spectra Obtained with the Magellan FIRE Spectrograph

We present a new determination of the intergalactic CIV mass density at 4.3 < z < 6.3. Our constraints are derived from high signal-to-noise spectra of seven quasars at z > 5.8 obtained with the newly commissioned FIRE spectrograph on the Magellan Baade telescope, coupled with six observations of northern objects taken from the literature. We confirm the presence of a downturn in the CIV abundance at =5.66 by a factor of 4.1 relative to its value at =4.96, as measured in the same sightlines. In the FIRE sample, a strong system previously reported in the literature as CIV at z=5.82 is re-identified as MgII at z=2.78, leading to a substantial downward revision in $\Omega_{CIV}$ for these prior studies. Additionally we confirm the presence of at least two systems with low-ionization CII, SiII, and OI absorption but relatively weak signal from CIV. The latter systems systems may be of interest if the downward trend in $\Omega_{CIV}$ at high redshift is driven in part by ionization effects.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to Ap

M-theory on Spin(7) Manifolds, Fluxes and 3D, N=1 Supergravity

We calculate the most general causal N=1 three-dimensional, gauge invariant action coupled to matter in superspace and derive its component form using Ectoplasmic integration theory. One example of such an action can be obtained by compactifying M-theory on a Spin(7) holonomy manifold taking non-vanishing fluxes into account. We show that the resulting three-dimensional theory is in agreement with the more general construction. The scalar potential resulting from Kaluza-Klein compactification stabilizes all the moduli fields describing deformations of the metric except for the radial modulus. This potential can be written in terms of the superpotential previously discussed in the literature.Comment: 37 pages no figures (LaTeX 2e

Handling qualities of a wide-body transport airplane utilizing Pitch Active Control Systems (PACS) for relaxed static stability application

Piloted simulation studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two pitch active control systems (PACS) on the flying qualities of a wide-body transport airplane when operating at negative static margins. These two pitch active control systems consisted of a simple 'near-term' PACS and a more complex 'advanced' PACS. Eight different flight conditions, representing the entire flight envelope, were evaluated with emphasis on the cruise flight conditions. These studies were made utilizing the Langley Visual/Motion Simulator (VMS) which has six degrees of freedom. The simulation tests indicated that (1) the flying qualities of the baseline aircraft (PACS off) for the cruise and other high-speed flight conditions were unacceptable at center-of-gravity positions aft of the neutral static stability point; (2) within the linear static stability flight envelope, the near-term PACS provided acceptable flying qualities for static stabilty margins to -3 percent; and (3) with the advanced PACS operative, the flying qualities were demonstrated to be good (satisfactory to very acceptable) for static stabilty margins to -20 percent

Adrenal medulla grafts enhance functional activity of the striatal dopamine system following substantia nigra lesions

Adrenal medulla grafts in the lateral ventricle reduce the behavioral manifestations of striatal dopamine depletion in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Using microdialysis in freely moving rats, the present experiments determined that dopamine was not detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, adrenal medulla grafts were associated with an increase in dopamine turnover and amphetamine-stimulated striatal dopamine release was increased in animals with behaviorally effective adrenal medulla grafts. Therefore, adrenal medulla grafts increase striatal dopamine activity without an appreciable release of dopamine into the CSF. Adrenal medulla grafts also increased serum dopamine concentrations, and the increase in serum dopamine was directly correlated with the behavioral efficacy of the grafts. We suggest that dopamine, produced by adrenal medulla grafts, may gain access to the striatum via the blood supply and then leak out into the host striatum through permeable blood vessels adjacent to the graft. Through this mechanism, adrenal medulla grafts may increase functional dopaminergic activity in the striatum. These results may be important for understanding how autografts of adrenal medulla cells produce a putative alleviation of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27095/1/0000086.pd