176 research outputs found
Effect of local anisotropy on fatigue crack initiation in a coarse grained nickel-base superalloy
In the present work, theoretical approaches, based on grain orientation
dependent Young's modulus and Schmid factor are used to describe the influence
of local grain orientation on crack initiation behaviour of the coarse grained
nickel base superalloy Ren\'e80. Especially for strongly anisotropic crystal
structures with large grain size, such as the investigated material, the local
elastic properties must be taken into account for assessment of fatigue crack
initiation. With an extension of Schmid's law, the resulting shear stress
amplitude, which triggers local cyclic plastic deformation, can be calculated
depending on local Young's modulus and Schmid factor. A Monte Carlo simulation
with 100,000 samples shows how random grain orientation affects these
parameters. Furthermore, the product of Young's modulus and Schmid factor
(called ) is used as a parameter to determine how grain orientation
influences resulting shear stress amplitude for given total strain amplitude.
In addition to the theoretical work using that approach, this model is also
validated using isothermal LCF experiments by determining local grain
orientation influence on the crack initiation site using SEM-EBSD analyses.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
Strain Analysis by a Total Generalized Variation Regularized Optical Flow Model
In this paper we deal with the important problem of estimating the local
strain tensor from a sequence of micro-structural images realized during
deformation tests of engineering materials. Since the strain tensor is defined
via the Jacobian of the displacement field, we propose to compute the
displacement field by a variational model which takes care of properties of the
Jacobian of the displacement field. In particular we are interested in areas of
high strain. The data term of our variational model relies on the brightness
invariance property of the image sequence. As prior we choose the second order
total generalized variation of the displacement field. This prior splits the
Jacobian of the displacement field into a smooth and a non-smooth part. The
latter reflects the material cracks. An additional constraint is incorporated
to handle physical properties of the non-smooth part for tensile tests. We
prove that the resulting convex model has a minimizer and show how a
primal-dual method can be applied to find a minimizer. The corresponding
algorithm has the advantage that the strain tensor is directly computed within
the iteration process. Our algorithm is further equipped with a coarse-to-fine
strategy to cope with larger displacements. Numerical examples with simulated
and experimental data demonstrate the very good performance of our algorithm.
In comparison to state-of-the-art engineering software for strain analysis our
method can resolve local phenomena much better
Influence of Grain Orientation Distribution on the High Temperature Fatigue Behaviour of Notched Specimen Made of Polycrystalline Nickel-Base Superalloy
Two different material batches made of random and textured orientated polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy René80 were investigated under isothermal low cycle fatigue tests at 850 °C for a notched specimen geometry. In contrast to a smooth specimen geometry, no significant improvement in fatigue behaviour of the notched specimen could be observed for the textured material. Finite element simulations reveal an area along the notch where high stiffness evolves for the textured material, which lead to nearly similar shear stresses in the slip systems compared to a random orientation distribution and therefore to no distinct differences in the lifetime
A Detailed Analysis of the Microstructural Changes in the Vicinity of a Crack-Initiating Defect in Additively Manufactured AISI 316L
The fatigue life of metals manufactured via laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) highly
depends on process-induced defects. In this context, not only the size and geometry of the defect, but
also the properties and the microstructure of the surrounding material volume must be considered.
In the presented work, the microstructural changes in the vicinity of a crack-initiating defect in a
fatigue specimen produced via L-PBF and made of AISI 316L were analyzed in detail. Xenon plasma
focused ion beam (Xe-FIB) technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter
diffraction (EBSD) were used to investigate the phase distribution, local misorientations, and grain
structure, including the crystallographic orientations. These analyses revealed a fine grain structure
in the vicinity of the defect, which is arranged in accordance with the melt pool geometry. Besides
pronounced cyclic plastic deformation, a deformation-induced transformation of the initial austenitic
phase into α’-martensite was observed. The plastic deformation as well as the phase transformation
were more pronounced near the border between the defect and the surrounding material volume.
However, the extent of the plastic deformation and the deformation-induced phase transformation
varies locally in this border region. Although a beneficial effect of certain grain orientations on the
phase transformation and plastic deformability was observed, the microstructural changes found
cannot solely be explained by the respective crystallographic orientation. These changes are assumed
to further depend on the inhomogeneous distribution of the multiaxial stresses beneath the defect as
well as the grain morphology
Probabilistic modeling of LCF failure times using a epidemiological crack percolation model
The analysis of standardized low cycle fatigue (LCF) experiments shows that the failure times widely scatter. Furthermore, mechanical components often fail before the deterministic failure time is reached. A possibility to overcome these problems is to consider probabilistic failure times. Our approach for probabilistic life prediction is based on the microstructure of the metal. Since we focus on nickel-base alloys we consider a coarse grained microstructure, with random oriented FCC grains. This leads to random distributed Schmid factors and different anisotropic stress in each grain. To gain crack initiation times, we use Coffin-MansonBasquin and Ramberg-Osgood equation on stresses corrected with probabilistic Schmid factors. Using these single grain crack initiation times, we have developed an epidemiological crack growth model over multiple grains. In this mesoscopic crack percolation model, cracked grains induce a stress increase in neighboring grains. This stress increase is realized using a machine learning model trained on data generated from finite element simulations. The resulting crack clusters are evaluated with a failure criterion based on a multimodal stress intensity factor. From the generated failure times, we calculate surface dependent hazard rates using a Monte Carlo framework. We compare the obtained failure time distributions to data from LCF experiments and find good coincidence of predicted and measured scatter bands
Probabilistic Modeling of Slip System-Based Shear Stresses and Fatigue Behavior of Coarse-Grained Ni-Base Superalloy Considering Local Grain Anisotropy and Grain Orientation
New probabilistic lifetime approaches for coarse grained Ni-base superalloys supplement current deterministic gas turbine component design philosophies; in order to reduce safety factors and push design limits. The models are based on statistical distributions of parameters, which determine the fatigue behavior under high temperature conditions. In the following paper, Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) test data of several material batches of polycrystalline Ni-base superalloy René80 with different grain sizes and orientation distribution (random and textured) is presented and evaluated.The textured batch, i.e., with preferential grain orientation, showed higher LCF life. Three approaches to probabilistic crack initiation life modeling are presented. One is based on Weibull distributedcrack initiation life while the other two approaches are based on probabilistic Schmid factors. In order to create a realistic Schmid factor distribution, polycrystalline finite element models of thespecimens were generated using Voronoi tessellations and the local mechanical behavior investigated in dependence of different grain sizes and statistically distributed grain orientations. All modelswere first calibrated with test data of the material with random grain orientation and then used to predict the LCF life of the material with preferential grain orientation. By considering the local multiaxiality and resulting inhomogeneous shear stress distributions, as well as grain interaction through polycrystalline Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation, the best consistencies between predicted and observed crack initiation lives could be achieved
a comparative study with ultrasonography
Background Valid detection of arthritis is essential in differential diagnosis
of joint pain. Indocyanin green (ICG)-enhanced fluorescence optical imaging
(FOI) is a new imaging method that visualizes inflammation in wrist and finger
joints. Objectives of this study were to compare FOI with ultrasonography (US,
by gray-scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD)) and clinical examination (CE) and
to estimate the predictive power of FOI for discrimination between
inflammatory and non-inflammatory juvenile joint diseases. Methods FOI and
GSUS/PDUS were performed in both hands of 76 patients with joint pain (53 with
juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 23 with non-inflammatory joint diseases).
Inflammation was graded by a semiquantitative score (grades 0–3) for each
imaging method. Joints were defined clinically active if swollen or tender
with limited range of motion. Sensitivity and specificity of FOI in three
phases dependent on ICG enhancement (P1–P3) were analyzed with CE and
GSUS/PDUS as reference. Results For JIA patients, FOI had an overall
sensitivity of 67.3%/72.0% and a specificity of 65.0%/58.8% with GSUS/PDUS as
reference; specificity was highest in P3 (GSUS 94.3%/PDUS 91.7%). FOI was more
sensitive for detecting clinically active joints than GSUS/PDUS (75.2% vs
57.3%/32.5%). In patients with non-inflammatory joint diseases both FOI and US
showed positive (i.e., pathological) findings (25% and 14% of joints). The
predictive value for discrimination between inflammatory and non-inflammatory
joint diseases was 0.79 for FOI and 0.80/0.85 for GSUS/PDUS. Conclusions
Dependent on the phase evaluated, FOI had moderate to good agreement with CE
and US. Both imaging methods revealed limitations and should be interpreted
cautiously. FOI may provide an additional diagnostic method in pediatric
rheumatology. Trial registration Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien
DRKS00012572. Registered 31 July 2017
Influence of the Chemical Composition of the Used Powder on the Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured Materials
To exploit the whole potential of Additive Manufacturing (AM), a sound knowledge about the mechanical and especially cyclic properties of AM materials as well as their dependency on the process parameters is indispensable. In the presented work, the influence of chemical composition of the used powder on the fatigue behavior of Selectively Laser Melted (SLM) and Laser Deposition Welded (LDW) specimens made of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was investigated. Therefore, in each manufacturing process two variations of chemical composition of the used powder were utilized. For qualitative characterization of the materials cyclic deformation behavior, load increase tests (LITs) were performed and further used for the physically based lifetime calculation method (PhyBaLLIT), enabling an efficient determination of stress (S)–number of cycles to failure (Nf) curves (S–Nf), which show excellent correlation to additionally performed constant amplitude tests (CATs). Moreover, instrumented cyclic indentation tests (PhyBaLCHT) were utilized to characterize the materials’ defect tolerance in a comparably short time. All material variants exhibit a high influence of microstructural defects on the fatigue properties. Consequently, for the SLM process a higher fatigue lifetime at lower stress amplitudes could be observed for the batch with a higher defect tolerance, resulting from a more pronounced deformation induced austenite–α’-martensite transformation. In correspondence to that, the batch of LDW material with an increased defect tolerance exhibit a higher fatigue strength. However, the differences in defect tolerance between the LDW batches is only slightly influenced by phase transformation and seems to be mainly governed by differences in hardening potential of the austenitic microstructure. Furthermore, a significantly higher fatigue strength could be observed for SLM material in relation to LDW specimens, because of a refined microstructure and smaller microstructural defects of SLM specimens
Thermographic Analysis and Modelling of the Delamination Crack Growth in a Thermal Barrier Coating on FeCr Alloy Substrate
AbstractThe delamination crack growth in a plasma sprayed ZrO2 thermal barrier coating system during thermal cycling was analysed by thermography. A simplified model system was used where a Fe–Cr–Al–Y alloy (Fecralloy Eisen-Chrom™) substrate with relative low yield stress and creep strength simulates the bond coat. The delamination crack area was measured as a function of cycle number and the growth mechanisms were observed and quantified by infrared pulse thermography. Based on this, an empirical model was created to describe the delamination crack growth. In contrast to most of the usual models, the present model calculates delamination crack area (instead of length), accounts for formation of multiple cracks (instead of one), for crack initiation at different times (instead simultaneous initiation), for the positions of the cracks on the sample and to each other as well as for the statistic spatial distribution of the crack initiation sites. The key features of delamination crack growth are met properly by the model approach. Although only one set of parameters was used, the model captures temporal discontinuities of the crack area increase and therefore scatter of delaminated area at a given time
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